ABSTRACT
The growing concern about the quantity and quality of water has led managers and researchers from various countries to concentrate efforts in the study, planning and management of watersheds, considered appropriate units for the rational and sustainable management of water resources. This experience report presents results of the Program for Communication, Environmental Education and Social Mobilization, which is part of the project “Monitoring Network of the basins of the rivers Pirapó, Paranapanema III and Paranapanema IV – analysis and monitoring of the hydrological behavior”, developed by a multidisciplinary team of researchers and graduate students of the State University of Maringá (Paraná, Brazil). The goals of the program were: a) To develop continuing education for teachers of basic education, active in state schools located in the basins studied; b) To raise awareness and to promote training of various local social actors; c) To produce educational and promotional materials for teachers and general community, respectively. The methodology was the action research, on the basis of collaborative work between university researchers and participants of the program. The results evidence that teachers and representatives of different social groups had a limited view of issues related to water resources of their region. Courses, workshops and itinerant exhibitions, beyond teaching aids and promotional material prepared by the group of researchers and graduate students contributed to broaden the view of social actors about watersheds to which they are part, from the perspective of an active, critical and responsible participation focused on sustainable use and management of water resources.
Resumo A crescente preocupação em relação à quantidade e qualidade da água tem levado gestores e pesquisadores das várias nações a concentrarem esforços no estudo, planejamento e gerenciamento das bacias hidrográficas, consideradas como unidades territoriais adequadas para a gestão racional e sustentável dos recursos hídricos. O presente relato de experiência traz resultados do Programa de Comunicação, Educação Ambiental e Mobilização Social, que faz parte do projeto “Rede de Monitoramento das Bacias dos rios Pirapó, Paranapanema III e Paranapanema IV – Análise e Monitoramento do Comportamento Hidrológico”, desenvolvido por um grupo multidisciplinar de pesquisadores e pós-graduandos da Universidade Estadual de Maringá (Paraná – Brasil). Os objetivos do programa foram: a) Desenvolver a formação continuada de professores do ensino básico, atuantes nas escolas estaduais localizadas nas bacias em estudo; b) Promover a sensibilização e a capacitação dos diferentes atores sociais locais; c) Produzir material didático e de divulgação para, respectivamente, professores e comunidade em geral. A metodologia de trabalho foi a pesquisa ação, com base no trabalho colaborativo entre os pesquisadores da universidade e participantes representativos do programa. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que professores e representantes de diferentes segmentos sociais tinham uma visão limitada das questões relacionadas aos recursos hídricos de sua região. Os cursos, oficinas e mostras itinerantes realizadas, além do material de apoio didático e de divulgação elaborados pelo grupo de pesquisadores e pós-graduandos contribuíram para que os vários atores sociais pudessem ampliar sua visão sobre as bacias hidrográficas das quais fazem parte, na perspectiva de uma participação ativa, crítica e responsável voltada ao uso e gestão sustentável dos recursos hídricos.
Subject(s)
Conservation of Natural Resources , Faculty , Information Dissemination , Rivers , Brazil , EducationABSTRACT
The growing concern about the quantity and quality of water has led managers and researchers from various countries to concentrate efforts in the study, planning and management of watersheds, considered appropriate units for the rational and sustainable management of water resources. This experience report presents results of the Program for Communication, Environmental Education and Social Mobilization, which is part of the project Monitoring Network of the basins of the rivers Pirapó, Paranapanema III and Paranapanema IV analysis and monitoring of the hydrological behavior, developed by a multidisciplinary team of researchers and graduate students of the State University of Maringá (Paraná, Brazil). The goals of the program were: a) To develop continuing education for teachers of basic education, active in state schools located in the basins studied; b) To raise awareness and to promote training of various local social actors; c) To produce educational and promotional materials for teachers and general community, respectively. The methodology was the action research, on the basis of collaborative work between university researchers and participants of the program. The results evidence that teachers and representatives of different social groups had a limited view of issues related to water resources of their region. Courses, workshops and itinerant exhibitions, beyond teaching aids and promotional material prepared by the group of researchers and graduate students contributed to broaden the view of social actors about watersheds to which they are part, from the perspective of an active, critical and responsible participation focused on sustainable use and management of water resources.
Resumo A crescente preocupação em relação à quantidade e qualidade da água tem levado gestores e pesquisadores das várias nações a concentrarem esforços no estudo, planejamento e gerenciamento das bacias hidrográficas, consideradas como unidades territoriais adequadas para a gestão racional e sustentável dos recursos hídricos. O presente relato de experiência traz resultados do Programa de Comunicação, Educação Ambiental e Mobilização Social, que faz parte do projeto Rede de Monitoramento das Bacias dos rios Pirapó, Paranapanema III e Paranapanema IV Análise e Monitoramento do Comportamento Hidrológico, desenvolvido por um grupo multidisciplinar de pesquisadores e pós-graduandos da Universidade Estadual de Maringá (Paraná Brasil). Os objetivos do programa foram: a) Desenvolver a formação continuada de professores do ensino básico, atuantes nas escolas estaduais localizadas nas bacias em estudo; b) Promover a sensibilização e a capacitação dos diferentes atores sociais locais; c) Produzir material didático e de divulgação para, respectivamente, professores e comunidade em geral. A metodologia de trabalho foi a pesquisa ação, com base no trabalho colaborativo entre os pesquisadores da universidade e participantes representativos do programa. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que professores e representantes de diferentes segmentos sociais tinham uma visão limitada das questões relacionadas aos recursos hídricos de sua região. Os cursos, oficinas e mostras itinerantes realizadas, além do material de apoio didático e de divulgação elaborados pelo grupo de pesquisadores e pós-graduandos contribuíram para que os vários atores sociais pudessem ampliar sua visão sobre as bacias hidrográficas das quais fazem parte, na perspectiva de uma participação ativa, crítica e responsável voltada ao uso e gestão sustentável dos recursos hídricos.
ABSTRACT
The growing concern about the quantity and quality of water has led managers and researchers from various countries to concentrate efforts in the study, planning and management of watersheds, considered appropriate units for the rational and sustainable management of water resources. This experience report presents results of the Program for Communication, Environmental Education and Social Mobilization, which is part of the project "Monitoring Network of the basins of the rivers Pirapó, Paranapanema III and Paranapanema IV - analysis and monitoring of the hydrological behavior", developed by a multidisciplinary team of researchers and graduate students of the State University of Maringá (Paraná, Brazil). The goals of the program were: a) To develop continuing education for teachers of basic education, active in state schools located in the basins studied; b) To raise awareness and to promote training of various local social actors; c) To produce educational and promotional materials for teachers and general community, respectively. The methodology was the action research, on the basis of collaborative work between university researchers and participants of the program. The results evidence that teachers and representatives of different social groups had a limited view of issues related to water resources of their region. Courses, workshops and itinerant exhibitions, beyond teaching aids and promotional material prepared by the group of researchers and graduate students contributed to broaden the view of social actors about watersheds to which they are part, from the perspective of an active, critical and responsible participation focused on sustainable use and management of water resources.
Subject(s)
Conservation of Natural Resources , Faculty , Information Dissemination , Rivers , Brazil , EducationABSTRACT
An HPLC-UV method was developed and validated for the determination of acyclovir in vitreous humor. The method was carried out in isocratic mode using 0.02 mol/L acetic acid/methanol (95:5) as mobile phase, a C18 column at 25 degrees C and UV detection at 254 nm. The method was linear (r2> 0.99) over the range of 35-700 microg/mL, precise (RSD <5%), accurate (recovery ranged from 98.18 to 99.64%), robust, selective regarding of the vitreous humor, and robust remaining unaffected by deliberate variations in relevant parameters. The validated HPLC-UV method can be successfully applied to determine acyclovir directly injected into the vitreous cavity of rabbits' eye.
Subject(s)
Acyclovir/analysis , Antiviral Agents/analysis , Vitreous Body/chemistry , Animals , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Indicators and Reagents , Limit of Detection , Rabbits , Reference Standards , Reproducibility of Results , Retinal Necrosis Syndrome, Acute/drug therapy , Solutions , Spectrophotometry, UltravioletABSTRACT
Bradykinin is a nonapeptide, whose mechanism of vasodilation is mediated chiefly through the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). Diminished vasodilatory response to EDRF has been demonstrated in many pathologic states such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and long-term, heavy smoking. We studied whether the diminished EDRF-mediated vasodilatory response seen in chronic diseases can be demonstrated in young, clinically healthy smokers. We used the dorsal hand-vein compliance technique, an in vivo technique used to measure response to local infusions of vasoactive substances. Full dose-response curves to bradykinin (dosing range, 0.5-500 ng/min) were generated in 11 young, healthy smokers and 11 young, healthy nonsmokers by using hand veins preconstricted with phenylephrine (dosing range, 20-6,800 ng/min). In addition, after a washout period, a single maximal dose of a non-endothelium-dependent vasodilator, isoproterenol (300 ng/min) was infused. Our results demonstrated that smokers had a greater maximal venodilation to bradykinin than did nonsmokers (106 +/- 40% vs. 69 +/- 49%; p < 0.05). The log of the dose that produced half-maximal response to bradykinin was smaller in smokers: -0.10 +/- 0.93 (0.79 ng/min) versus 0.75 +/- 0.84 (5.6 ng/min); p < 0.05. There was no difference in the maximal dilatory response to isoproterenol: 80 +/- 45% (smokers) versus 89 +/- 50% (nonsmokers), nor was there a difference in the log dose of phenylephrine necessary to produce 80% constriction of the hand vein (2.7 +/-0.7 vs. 2.7 +/- 0.9 ng/min) between the two groups. We conclude that young, otherwise healthy smokers have a paradoxic hyperactive response to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator, bradykinin, but maintain a similar response to the nonendothelium-dependent vasodilator, isoproterenol as compared with nonsmokers. Their reactivity to the alpha1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine was found to be intact. It is possible that a hyperactive response to EDRF in young smokers contributes to endothelium damage seen in chronic disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report on increased reactivity to bradykinin in short-term smokers.
Subject(s)
Bradykinin/pharmacology , Smoking/physiopathology , Vasodilation/drug effects , Adult , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Humans , Male , Nitric Oxide/physiologyABSTRACT
AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine whether young, normotensive blacks who have been recently demonstrated to have a venodilator response to isoprenaline decreased compared with whites, also have an decreased vasodilatory response to bradykinin. METHODS: Eleven black and 11 white subjects were studied. Full dose-response curves to bradykinin (dosing range 0.5-500 ng min-1) were generated in hand veins preconstricted with phenylephrine (dosing range 20-6800 ng min-1). RESULTS: The groups had a similar maximal response to bradykinin (57.6 +/- 32.2% vs 67.8 +/- 49.3%, P = NS 95% confidence interval for the difference (CI): -47.3, 26.8). Also, the log of the dose that produced half maximal response to bradykinin was similar for the two groups (0.89 +/- 0.58 vs 0.78 +/- 0.61 ng min-1, P = NS, 95% CI: -0.42, 0.64). There was no difference between the two groups in the log dose of phenylephrine necessary to produce 80% constriction of the hand vein. CONCLUSION: Diminished vasodilatory response to endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) does not seem to be associated with the increased prevalence of hypertension in blacks.
Subject(s)
Black People , Bradykinin/pharmacology , Vasodilation , Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology , Veins/drug effects , White People , Adult , Female , Hand/blood supply , Humans , Male , Phenylephrine/pharmacology , Veins/physiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Vascular responsiveness to infusions of vasoactive substances varies between ethnic groups. Indians of Asian origin are a rapidly growing ethnic group in the United States but have not been extensively studied. We sought to determine whether there was any difference in venous responsiveness to a local infusion of vasoactive substances between Indians of Asian origin and white subjects. METHODS: We used the dorsal hand vein compliance technique to construct full dose-response curves to the beta 2-agonist isoproterenol (2 to 270 ng/min) in hand veins preconstricted with phenylephrine in 11 young white subjects and in 11 young Asian Indian subjects. In addition, six subjects in each group were randomly selected to have full dose-response curves to nitroglycerin (0.006 to 1485 ng/min) generated. RESULTS: The maximal response (E(max)) to isoproterenol was smaller in Asian Indians (33.9% +/- 41.1% in Asian Indians versus 107.0% +/- 60.1% in white subjects; p < 0.01). There was no difference in the log of the dose that produced half-maximal venodilation [log(ED50)] between the two groups (1.10 +/- 0.57 in Asian Indians versus 1.15 +/- 0.50 in white subjects). However, nitroglycerin infusion produced similar responses for both the E(max) and the log(ED50) between the two groups. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that differences may exist in beta-adrenergic responsiveness among white subjects and Indians of Asian origin. Therapy for diseases that use beta-adrenergic responses, such as hypertension, must take into account these differential vascular responses because they may affect their efficacy in Asian Indians.
