Identification of key yeast species and microbe-microbe interactions impacting larval growth of Drosophila in the wild.

Microbiota consisting of various fungi and bacteria have a significant impact on the physiological functions of the host. However, it is unclear which species are essential to this impact and how they affect the host. This study analyzed and isolated microbes from natural food sources of Drosophila larvae, and investigated their functions. Hanseniaspora uvarum is the predominant yeast responsible for larval growth in the earlier stage of fermentation. As fermentation progresses, Acetobacter orientalis emerges as the key bacterium responsible for larval growth, although yeasts and lactic acid bacteria must coexist along with the bacterium to stabilize this host-bacterial association. By providing nutrients to the larvae in an accessible form, the microbiota contributes to the upregulation of various genes that function in larval cell growth and metabolism. Thus, this study elucidates the key microbial species that support animal growth under microbial transition.

Direct and Unified Access to Carbon Radicals from Aliphatic Alcohols by Cost-Efficient Titanium-Mediated Homolytic C-OH Bond Cleavage.

Low-valent Ti-mediated homolytic C-O bond cleavage offers unified access to carbon radicals from ubiquitous non-activated tertiary, secondary, and even primary alcohols. In contrast to the representative Ti reagents, which were ineffective for this purpose, "TiCl2 (cat)"/Zn (cat=catecholate) was found to be specifically active. This method was applied to the addition reactions of radicals to alkenes and exhibited high generality and yields. More than 50 combinations were examined. The excellent cost-efficiency and accessibility of "TiCl2 (cat)"/Zn further enhance its applicability. Control experiments proved the presence of a carbon radical intermediate and excluded the pathway via alkyl chlorides. Further mechanistic study indicated that the 1 : 2 complex of alkoxide (R-O- ) and TiIII is an active species in the C-O cleavage.

Anatomical Variations of the Right Adrenal Vein: Concordance Between Multidetector Computed Tomography and Catheter Venography.

Adrenal venous sampling is the most reliable diagnostic procedure to determine surgical indications in primary aldosteronism. Because guidelines recommend multidetector computed tomography (CT) to evaluate the adrenal gland, some past reports used multidetector CT as a guide for adrenal venous sampling. However, the detailed anatomy of the right adrenal vein and its relationship with an accessory hepatic vein remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to describe detailed anatomical variations of the right adrenal vein and to determine the concordance between CT and catheter venography in patients with primary aldosteronism. In total, 440 consecutive patients who underwent adrenal venous sampling were included. Four-phase dynamic CT was performed. Anatomical locations and variations of the right adrenal vein and its relationship with the accessory hepatic vein were compared with catheter venographic findings. Successful catheterization was achieved in 437 patients (99%). The right adrenal vein was visualized in the late arterial phase with CT in 420 patients (95%). The right adrenal vein formed a common trunk with the accessory hepatic vein in 87 patients (20%). CT identified the correct craniocaudal level of the orifice in 354 patients (84%). Anatomical variations, location, and angle of inflow of the right adrenal vein based on CT demonstrated high concordance with catheter venography. CT may provide useful information for preparation before adrenal venous sampling.