Laparoscopic approach to pheochromocytoma in pregnancy: case report

ABSTRACT A 32-year-old 22-week pregnant hypertensive woman with sporadic episodes of headaches, sweating, and facial flushing was diagnosed with pheochromocytoma through biochemical and imaging tests. Perioperative management included a multidisciplinary approach, symptom stabilization with α blockade followed by β blockade, and tumor resection by laparoscopic adrenalectomy at 24 weeks gestation. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination and immuno-histochemistry tests. The decision for surgical removal of the tumor was based on maternal symptoms, tumor size, gestational age, the possibility of doing a laparos-copy, and the expertise of the surgical team.

Effects of a Single Dose of Parecoxib on Inflammatory Response and Ischemic Tubular Injury Caused by Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats.

Parecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, is used to improve analgesia in postoperative procedures. Here we evaluated whether pretreatment with a single dose of parecoxib affects the function, cell injury, and inflammatory response of the kidney of rats subjected to acute hemorrhage. Inflammatory response was determined according to serum and renal tissue cytokine levels (IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α). Forty-four adult Wistar rats anesthetized with sevoflurane were randomized into four groups: placebo/no hemorrhage (Plc/NH); parecoxib/no hemorrhage (Pcx/NH); placebo/hemorrhage (Plc/H); and parecoxib/hemorrhage (Pcx/H). Pcx groups received a single dose of intravenous parecoxib while Plc groups received a single dose of placebo (isotonic saline). Animals in hemorrhage groups underwent bleeding of 30% of blood volume. Renal function and renal histology were then evaluated. Plc/H showed the highest serum levels of cytokines, suggesting that pretreatment with parecoxib reduced the inflammatory response in rats subjected to hemorrhage. No difference in tissue cytokine levels between groups was observed. Plc/H showed higher percentage of tubular dilation and degeneration, indicating that parecoxib inhibited tubular injury resulting from renal hypoperfusion. Our findings indicate that pretreatment with a single dose of parecoxib reduced the inflammatory response and tubular renal injury without altering renal function in rats undergoing acute hemorrhage.

Laparoscopic approach to pheochromocytoma in pregnancy: case report.

A 32-year-old 22-week pregnant hypertensive woman with sporadic episodes of headaches, sweating, and facial flushing was diagnosed with pheochromocytoma through biochemical and imaging tests. Perioperative management included a multidisciplinary approach, symptom stabilization with ɑ blockade followed by ß blockade, and tumor resection by laparoscopic adrenalectomy at 24 weeks gestation. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry tests. The decision for surgical removal of the tumor was based on maternal symptoms, tumor size, gestational age, the possibility of doing a laparoscopy, and the expertise of the surgical team.

Efeito da dose única de parecoxibe sobe a função, lesão celular e resposta inflamatória do rim de ratos submetidos à hemorragia aguda / Effects of a single dose of parecoxib on the function, cell injury and inflammatory response of kidney of rats subjected to acute hemorrhage

O parecoxibe, único anti-inflamatório inibidor seletivo da COX-2 disponível para uso parenteral, tem comprovada eficácia analgésica no tratamento de dor pós-operatória. No entanto, seus efeitos adversos renais não estão esclarecidos, principalmente em situações de hipoperfusão renal, como hemorragia e hipovolemia. A isquemia renal estimula a produção de mediadores inflamatórios como citocinas, responsáveis pelo início e progressão da inflamação e lesão renal. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar se o pré-tratamento com dose única de parecoxibe tem influência na função, na lesão celular e na resposta inflamatória do rim de ratos submetidos à hemorragia aguda intra-operatória. Quarenta e quatro ratos Wistars adultos anestesiados com sevoflurano foram divididos, de forma aleatória, em quatro grupos (n=11 animais por grupo): grupo placebo/ sem hemorragia (Plac/SH); grupo parecoxibe/ sem hemorragia (Pcx/SH); grupo placebo/ hemorragia (Plac/H) e grupo parecoxibe/ hemorragia (Pcx/H). Receberam bolus endovenoso em dose única de parecoxibe (20mg/kg em 2 mL/kg) ou placebo (solução salina isotônica 2mL/kg) de acordo com a distribuição por grupos, e solução de para-aminohipurato de sódio (PAH) - 1 mg seguido de 1 mg/h - e de iotalamato de sódio (IOT) - 0,5 mg seguido de 0,25 mg/h, até o final do experimento. Os animais dos grupos com hemorragia sofreram sangria correspondente a 30% da volemia (em três etapas de retirada de 10% com intervalos de 10 minutos). Amostras de sangue foram colhidas para determinação do hematócrito e das concentrações de PAH, IOT e das citocinas séricas (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-α) após trinta minutos da administração do bolus de parecoxibe ou placebo (momento Mi) e trinta minutos após o terceiro tempo de sangria (momento Mf)...

Parecoxib, the only selective COX-2 inhibitor available for parenteral use, has proven analgesic efficacy in the treatment of postoperative pain. However, adverse renal effects are not clear, especially in situations of renal hypoperfusion, such as hemorrhage and hypovolemia. Renal ischemia stimulates the production of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, responsible for the onset and progression of inflammation and renal injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether pretreatment with a single dose of parecoxib affects the function, cell injury and inflammatory response of the kidney of rats subjected to acute intraoperative hemorrhage. Forty-four adult Wistar rats anesthetized with sevoflurane were randomized into four groups (n = 11 animals per group): placebo/ without hemorrhage (Plac/NH); parecoxib/ without hemorrhage (Pcx/NH); placebo/ hemorrhage (Plac/H), and parecoxib/ hemorrhage (Pcx/H). They all received a single dose of intravenous parecoxib (20mg.kg-1 at 2 mL.kg-1) or placebo (isotonic saline 2mL.kg-1) according to group distribution. They also received solution of sodium para-aminohippurate (PAH) - 1 mg followed by 1 mg.h-1, and iothalamate sodium (IOT) - 0.5 mg followed by 0.25 mg.h-1, until the end of the experiment. Animals in groups with hemorrhage suffered bleeding corresponding to 30% of volemia (three-stage withdrawal of 10% with a 10 minute interval). Blood samples were collected to measure hematocrit and concentrations of PAH, IOT and serum cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α) thirty minutes after administration of bolus of parecoxib or placebo (Mi) and thirty minutes after the third time of bleeding (Mf). Bilateral nephrectomy was then performed, followed by sacrifice of the rats...

Animal models for clinical and gestational diabetes: maternal and fetal outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes in pregnant women is associated with an increased risk of maternal and neonatal morbidity and remains a significant medical challenge. Diabetes during pregnancy may be divided into clinical diabetes and gestational diabetes. Experimental models are developed with the purpose of enhancing understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases that affect humans. With regard to diabetes in pregnancy, experimental findings from models will lead to the development of treatment strategies to maintain a normal metabolic intrauterine milieu, improving perinatal development by preventing fetal growth restriction or macrosomia. Based on animal models of diabetes during pregnancy previously reported in the medical literature, the present study aimed to compare the impact of streptozotocin-induced severe (glycemia >300 mg/dl) and mild diabetes (glycemia between 120 and 300 mg/dl) on glycemia and maternal reproductive and fetal outcomes of Wistar rats to evaluate whether the animal model reproduces the maternal and perinatal results of clinical and gestational diabetes in humans. METHODS: On day 5 of life, 96 female Wistar rats were assigned to three experimental groups: control (n = 16), severe (n = 50) and mild diabetes (n = 30). At day 90 of life, rats were mated. On day 21 of pregnancy, rats were killed and their uterine horns were exposed to count implantation and fetus numbers to determine pre- and post-implantation loss rates. The fetuses were classified according to their birth weight. RESULTS: Severe and mild diabetic dams showed different glycemic responses during pregnancy, impairing fetal glycemia and weight, confirming that maternal glycemia is directly associated with fetal development. Newborns from severe diabetic mothers presented growth restriction, but mild diabetic mothers were not associated with an increased rate of macrosomic fetuses. CONCLUSION: Experimental models of severe diabetes during pregnancy reproduced maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnant women presenting uncontrolled clinical diabetes. On the other hand, the mild diabetes model caused mild hyperglycemia during pregnancy, although it was not enough to reproduce the increased rate of macrosomic fetuses seen in women with gestational diabetes.

Efeitos do consumo de cigarro durante a gravidez na morfologia e função placentárias e nas complicações perinatais / Effects of maternal smoking on placental function and morphology and perinatal complications

O objetivo deste artigo é destacar os efeitos deletérios que a exposição de gestantes ao cigarro, tanto ativa quanto passiva, têm sobre a gravidez. Componentes do cigarro atuam na placenta, órgão responsável pelo transporte de oxigênio e nutrientes da mãe para o feto e alteram sua morfologia. Há evidências de que várias funções placentárias também ficam comprometidas. Estas alterações, decorrentes do consumo ou da exposição ao cigarro, aumentam a ocorrência de complicações obstétricas e neonatais comparadas às mulheres que não fumam ou não estão cronicamente expostas

Tipos de diabete / types of diabetes

As formas mais freqüentes de Diabetes Mellitus são o diabete tipo 1 e o diabete tipo 2. Respectivamente, os termos "dependente de insulina" e "não dependente de insulina", anteriormente atribuídos aos dois tipos de diabete, foram descartados. À medida que os processos de patogênese do diabete têm sido elucidados, tanto em relação a marcadores genéticos quanto aos mecanismos da doença, crescem o número de tipos de diabete, permitindo uma classificação mais específica e definitiva. Além do diabete tipo 1, tipo 2 e do diabete gestacional, tem-se dado ênfase a outros dois tipos específicos: diabete do adulto de início no jovem (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young - MODY) e diabete de origem mitocondrial