Association of Individual Behaviors With Infection Prevention Measures and COVID-19 Development: A Japanese Cross-Sectional Study.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, people often modified their behaviors and performed individual infection control practices despite the uncertain effectiveness of these in preventing COVID-19. A cross-sectional study using a nationwide internet survey (Japan COVID-19 Society Internet Survey) was conducted from September 2022 through October 2022. The questionnaire consisted of individual-level social distancing behaviors and infection prevention measures, and COVID-19 vaccination status. A multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine factors associated with the diagnosis of COVID-19 in the last two months of the survey date. In total, 19,296 respondents were selected for the primary analysis. Of 19,296 respondents, those with COVID-19 diagnosed in the last two months were 1,909 (9.9%). Factors independently associated with a recent history of COVID-19 were meeting colleagues in person ≧ 1 per week (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.72). The response of "never or rarely" to the question of taking out (i.e., dining in) foods was marginally associated with a recent history of COVID-19 (aOR 1.27). Most individual, infection prevention practices and behavioral modifications during the omicron variant phase of the pandemic did not substantially impact COVID-19 prevention in the community.

Prevalence and trends in persistent symptoms following COVID-19 in Japan: A nationwide cross-sectional survey.

INTRODUCTION: Even during the endemic phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact of persistent symptoms on patients and healthcare systems remains significant. Thus, a more comprehensive understanding of these symptoms is essential. METHODS: Using data from the Japan Society and New Tobacco Internet Survey conducted in February 2023, this cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of, and changes in, persistent COVID-19 symptoms. RESULTS: In total, 21,108 individuals responded to the survey. Of these, 29.1 % (6143) had a history of COVID-19. Our analysis found that arm/leg/joint pain (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.17; 95 % confidence interval [95 % CI]: 1.03-1.33), back pain (aOR: 1.13; 95 % CI: 1.01-1.27), chest pain (aOR: 1.53; 95 % CI: 1.20-1.96), malaise (aOR: 1.14; 95 % CI: 1.02-1.28), loss of taste (aOR: 2.55; 95 % CI: 1.75-3.72), loss of smell (aOR: 2.33; 95 % CI: 1.67-3.26), memory impairment (aOR: 1.27; 95 % CI: 1.04-1.56), and cough (aOR: 1.72; 95 % CI: 1.38-2.13) were independently associated with a history of COVID-19 contracted more than two months but less than six months previously. Further, back pain (aOR: 1.24; 95 % CI: 1.04-1.47) and loss of taste (aOR: 2.28; 95 % CI: 1.24-4.21) showed independent association with COVID-19 contracted more than 12 months previously. CONCLUSIONS: Various symptoms were independently associated with a history of COVID-19. While most patients tend to recover within a year after contracting COVID-19, certain symptoms, such as back pain and loss of taste, persist longer than a year, underscoring public health concerns and emphasizing the need for health care services to support patients suffering from persistent symptoms.

The impact of carbapenem shortage and stewardship countermeasures on antimicrobial practice at a tertiary care center.

We evaluated the impact of carbapenem shortage on antimicrobial practice and patient outcome at a tertiary care center. During the shortage, hospital antimicrobial practice could be safely managed through additional antimicrobial stewardship measures including treatment guidance and mandatory preauthorization. Antimicrobial shortage may present a unique opportunity for promoting antimicrobial stewardship.

Prolonged Symptoms after COVID-19 in Japan: A Nationwide Survey of the Symptoms and Their Impact on Patients' Quality of Life.

BACKGROUND: Clinical details of long COVID are still not well understood because of potential confounding with a wide range of pre-existing comorbidities. METHODS: The present study used datasets from a nationwide, cross-sectional, online survey. We determined which prolonged symptoms were more likely to be associated with post-COVID condition after adjusting for a wide range of comorbidities and baseline characteristics. This study also used the EuroQol 5 Dimension 5 Level (EQ-5D-5L) and Somatic Symptom Scale-8 to assess health-related quality of life (QOL) and somatic symptoms in individuals with a previous history of COVID-19, defined as the diagnosis of COVID-19 made at least 2 months prior to the online survey. RESULTS: In total, 19,784 respondents were included for analysis; of these, 2397 (12.1%) had a previous history of COVID-19. The absolute difference of adjusted prevalence of symptoms attributed to prolonged symptoms after COVID-19 ranged from -0.4% to +2.0%. Headache (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.22; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]:1.07-1.39), chest discomfort (aOR:1.34, 95% CI:1.01-1.77), dysgeusia (aOR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.39-3.04), and dysosmia (aOR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.35-2.84) were independently associated with a previous history of COVID-19. Individuals with a previous history of COVID-19 had lower health-related QOL scores. CONCLUSIONS: After adjusting for potential comorbidities and confounders, clinical symptoms, such as headache, chest discomfort, dysgeusia, and dysosmia, were found to be independently associated with a previous history of COVID-19, which was diagnosed 2 or more months previously. These protracted symptoms might have impacted QOL and the overall somatic symptom burden in subjects with a previous history of COVID-19.

Promotion of antimicrobial stewardship following issuance of the antimicrobial resistance national action plan in Japan: A systematic review of 2016-2020.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a global threat with the potential to cause a significant healthcare burden. In 2016, the Japanese Government issued the national action plan (NAP) for AMR. Since issuance of this plan, several studies on antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs) have been published in Japan. This systematic review was undertaken to elucidate the current state of ASPs and the impact of the NAP. METHODS: Medline (PubMed) and EMBASE were searched for studies published between January 2016 and the end of September 2021. The Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Intervention tool was used to assess the risk of bias in interventional studies, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies. RESULTS: Eighty studies, including 30 (37.5%) interventional studies, 15 (18.8%) database-oriented studies and nine (11.3%) analytical studies (one case-control study, six cohort studies and two cross-sectional studies), were included. All of the interventional studies were before-after trials, and interrupted time series analysis was commonly used to assess changes in antimicrobial consumption per intervention. Five database-related studies demonstrated decreasing antimicrobial consumption after issuance of the NAP. CONCLUSION: Several ASP studies were published after issuance of the NAP, suggesting that the latter promoted research into ASPs. A few database-related studies showed a positive impact of the NAP on antimicrobial consumption. However, more high-quality studies, especially interventional studies using an appropriate methodology and standardized data collection, are needed.

Post-COVID health-related quality of life and somatic symptoms: A national survey in Japan.

BACKGROUND: The characteristics and risk factors of post-COVID-19 condition affecting health-related quality of life and the symptom burden are unclear. METHODS: The present, cross-sectional study used the JASTIS (Japan Society and New Tobacco Internet Survey) database. EQ-5D-5L and Somatic Symptom Scale-8 were used to assess health-related quality of life and somatic symptoms, respectively. The participants were classified into a no-COVID-19, COVID-19 not requiring oxygen therapy or COVID-19 requiring oxygen therapy group. First, the entire cohort was analyzed. Then, sensitivity analysis was performed after excluding patients in the no-COVID-19 group with a history of close contact with individuals known to have the disease. FINDINGS: In total, 30130 individuals (mean age: 47.8; females: 51.2%), including 539 and 805 with COVID-19 requiring and not requiring oxygen therapy, respectively, participated. The analysis of the entire cohort as well as the sensitivity analysis demonstrated that individuals with a history of COVID-19 had significantly lower EQ-5D-5L and significantly higher SSS-8 scores than those with no COVID-19 history. The group requiring oxygen therapy was associated with significantly lower EQ-5D-5L and higher SSS-8 scores than the group not requiring oxygen therapy. Propensity-score matching confirmed these results. Furthermore, two or more COVID-19 vaccinations were independently associated with high EQ-5D-5L and low SSS-8 scores (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The participants with a COVID-19 history, especially those with severe disease, had a significantly higher somatic symptom burden. Analysis after adjusting for potential confounders found that their quality-of-life was also severely affected. Vaccination is crucial to addressing these symptoms, especially in high-risk patients.

Post-sign-off events in infectious disease consultation and the incidence of nonadherence to infectious disease recommendations in the post-sign-off period: A retrospective cohort study.

Objective: Infectious diseases (ID) consultation has contributed to improving outcomes in hospitalized patients. However, the timing of signing off on ID consultation varies, depending on the consulting ID physician. We studied the descriptive epidemiology of treatment-related adverse events (ADEs) occurring after the ID physician has signed off on consultation and the epidemiology and predictors of nonadherence to ID recommendations in the post-sign-off period. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a Japanese tertiary-care center. All patients who received ID consultation between January and December 2019 and treatment recommendations for a confirmed or suspected infectious disease were included. The incidence of any treatment-related ADE after signing off, nonadherence to the final ID recommendations, and factors associated with nonadherence to the ID recommendations were identified. Results: In total, 367 patients receiving ID consultation were included. The incidence of post-sign-off events during index hospitalization was 59 (16.1%) of 367, with antimicrobial-associated ADEs accounting for 26 events (44.1%) and HAIs accounting for 13 events (22.0%). After excluding patients who discontinued treatment, nonadherence to ID recommendations was identified in 55 (15.7%) of 351 patients. Newly acquired HAIs during the index hospitalization after signing off on ID consultation was an independent risk factor for nonadherence to ID recommendations (adjusted odds ratio, 3.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-12.52). Conclusions: Post-sign-off events were common and led to nonadherence to ID recommendations during the post-sign-off period. Because this nonadherence occurs for various reasons, patients may require continued attention after signing off to ensure their safety.

Changes in intravenous and oral antimicrobial prescriptions during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: an experience at a tertiary-care center.

Antimicrobial use during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic at a tertiary-care center was analyzed using interrupted time-series analysis. Among intravenous antimicrobials, the use of azithromycin and third-generation cephalosporins significantly decreased during the current pandemic. Similarly, the use of oral antimicrobials, including azithromycin and fluoroquinolones, also decreased.

Epidemiology and Factors Associated With Discharging Patients After Blood Culture Collection in the Emergency Department: A Case-Control Study in Japan.

Background: Some patients receive the diagnosis of bloodstream infection (BSI) after discharge from the emergency room (ER). Because the safety of discharging patients after a blood culture collection is unknown, the present study aimed to investigate the prevalence, outcomes, and factors associated with BSI diagnosed after ER discharge. Methods: This monocentric, case-control study compared patients who received a BSI diagnosis after ER discharge with those who were admitted for BSI. Factors associated with ER discharge after a blood culture collection were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Between January 2014 and December 2020, 5.5% (142/2575) of patients with BSI visiting the ER were initially discharged. This occurred more commonly during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020. On multivariate analysis, factors independently associated with the discharge of patients with BSI were the absence of hypotension (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 15.71 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 3.45-71.63]), absence of altered mental status in the ER (aOR, 8.99 [95% CI, 3.49-23.14]), unknown origin at ER discharge (aOR, 4.60 [95% CI, 2.43-8.72]), and low C-reactive protein (aOR, 3.60 [95% CI, 2.19-5.93]). No difference in 28-day mortality was observed between the groups. Conclusions: BSI is occasionally diagnosed after ER discharge. The prevalence of BSI diagnosed after ER discharge may have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Normal vital signs, unknown origin at ER discharge, and low C-reactive protein were important considerations leading to the discharge of these patients.

Correlation of COVID-19 Severity and Immunoglobulin Presence Against Spike and Nucleocapsid Proteins in SARS-CoV-2.

Data on the human immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteins have been applied to vaccine development and diagnosing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but little research has been done on the relationship between the human immune response and COVID-19 severity. We herein sought to determine whether there is a correlation between the immunoglobulin level and COVID-19 severity. Clinical samples were collected from 102 patients with COVID-19. Of these, 65 and 37 patients had mild and severe symptoms, respectively. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein, spike (S) protein, and synthetic peptides covering N and S as antigens was performed to measure the IgM and IgG levels. The correlation between the immunoglobulin level and COVID-19 severity was then analyzed. A significant difference in the level of IgG antibodies against N and of IgM antibodies against the receptor binding domain of the S protein was observed between patients with nonsevere and severe COVID-19 symptoms, and the level of IgG antibodies against N was found to be higher in patients with severe symptoms whereas the level of IgM antibodies against the S peptides was higher in patients with nonsevere symptoms. The level of specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins might correlate with COVID-19 severity. If so, this fact may be useful for predicting the prognosis of the disease and in determining the appropriate treatment with greater precision.

Promoting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination among healthcare personnel: A multifaceted intervention at a tertiary-care center in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine may hold the key to ending the pandemic, but vaccine hesitancy is hindering the vaccination of healthcare personnel (HCP). We examined their perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine and implemented an intervention to increase vaccination uptake. DESIGN: Before-and-after trial. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Healthcare personnel at a 790-bed tertiary-care center in Tokyo, Japan. INTERVENTIONS: A prevaccination questionnaire was administered to HCP to examine their perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine. A multifaceted intervention was then implemented involving (1) distribution of informational leaflets to all HCP, (2) hospital-wide announcements encouraging vaccination, (3) a mandatory lecture, (4) an educational session about the vaccine for pregnant or breastfeeding HCP, and (5) allergy testing for HCP at risk of allergic reactions to the vaccine. A postvaccination survey was also performed. RESULTS: Of 1,575 HCP eligible for enrollment, 1,224 (77.7%) responded to the questionnaire, 533 (43.5%) expressed willingness to be vaccinated, 593 (48.4%) were uncertain, and 98 (8.0%) expressed unwillingness to be vaccinated. The latter 2 groups were concerned about the vaccine's safety rather than its efficacy. After the intervention, the overall vaccination rate reached 89.7% (1,413 of 1,575), and 88.9% (614 of 691) of the prevaccination survey respondents answered "unwilling" to or "unsure" about eventually receiving a vaccination. In the postvaccination questionnaire, factors contributing to increased COVID-19 vaccination included information and endorsement of vaccination at the medical center (274 of 1,037, 26.4%). CONCLUSIONS: This multifaceted intervention increased COVID-19 vaccinations among HCP at a Japanese hospital. Frequent support and provision of information were crucial for increasing the vaccination rate and may be applicable to the general population as well.

Current in-hospital management for patients with tuberculosis in a high-income country: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: In Japan, most cases of tuberculosis (TB) occur among individuals aged 65 years or older. However, data on in-hospital adverse events (AEs) associated with TB management, especially in high-income nations with an ageing population, are scarce. The present study aimed to scrutinize the current TB unit practices, incidence of in-hospital AEs and predictors of in-hospital mortality. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care centre in Tokyo, Japan from 2012 to 2017. Inpatients with the diagnosis of TB and aged >18 years were included. Quality of in-hospital care and factors associated with in-hospital mortality were investigated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In total, 448 patients were enrolled. The in-hospital mortality rate was 16.7% (75/448). Miliary/disseminated TB was common (59/448, 13.2%), especially in those who died (17/75, 22.7%). Factors independently associated with in-hospital mortality were a low Karnofsky performance status score on admission (score: 40-10, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 25.65, 95% CI 5.63-116.92 and score: 70-50, aOR 9.47, 95% CI 2.07-43.3), age over 89 years (aOR 3.68, 95% CI 1.08-12.46), Charlson Co-morbidity Index >5 (aOR 3.56, 95% CI 1.37-9.21), development of any health-care-associated infection (aOR 2.95, 95% CI 1.35-6.41), and development of any drug-related AE leading to discontinuation of anti-TB agents (seven patients were unable to resume treatment with anti-TB agents before death) (aOR 2.29, 95% CI 1.02-5.11). CONCLUSIONS: In-hospital AEs (i.e. health-care-associated infection and drug-related AEs), as well as patient-related variables, were associated with in-hospital mortality among TB patients.

Nocardiosis in Japan: a Multicentric Retrospective Cohort Study.

Nocardia species cause a broad spectrum of infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. Given its relative rarity, data on the prognosis and distribution of nocardiosis from a large cohort are scarce. The present study aimed to scrutinize the clinical features and outcomes of nocardiosis in Japan, including 1-year mortality and microbiological data. The present multicentric, retrospective cohort study enrolled patients aged ≥18 years with nocardiosis diagnosed between January 2010 and December 2017 and recorded their clinical and microbiological characteristics. Factors associated with 1-year mortality were also determined using Cox proportional hazard analysis. In total, 317 patients were identified at 89 hospitals. Almost half (155/317, 48.9%) were receiving immunosuppressive agents, and 51 had disseminated nocardiosis (51/317, 16.1%). The 1-year all-cause mortality rate was 29.4% (80/272; lost to follow-up, n = 45). The most frequently isolated species was Nocardia farcinica (79/317, 24.9%) followed by the Nocardia nova complex (61/317, 19.2%). Selected antimicrobial agents were generally effective, with linezolid (100% susceptibility [S]) and amikacin (94% S) having the most activity against Nocardia species. In Cox proportional hazard analysis, factors independently associated with 1-year mortality were a Charlson comorbidity index score of ≥5 (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 3.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.95 to 6.71, P < 0.001) and disseminated nocardiosis (aHR, 1.79; 95%CI, 1.01 to 3.18, P = 0.047). The presence of advanced comorbidities and disseminated infection, rather than variations in antimicrobial therapy or Nocardia species, was independently associated with 1-year mortality.

Antimicrobial Time-Out for Vancomycin by Infectious Disease Physicians Versus Clinical Pharmacists: A Before-After Crossover Trial.

BACKGROUND: The present study assessed the impact of time-out on vancomycin use and compared the strategy's efficacy when led by pharmacists versus infectious disease (ID) physicians at a tertiary care center. METHODS: Time-out, consisting of a telephone call to inpatient providers and documentation of vancomycin use >72 hours, was performed by ID physicians and clinical pharmacists in the Departments of Medicine and Surgery/Critical Care. Patients in the Department of Medicine were assigned to the clinical pharmacist-led arm, and patients in the Department of Surgery/Critical Care were assigned to the ID physician-led arm in the initial, 6-month phase and were switched in the second, 6-month phase. The primary outcome was the change in weekly days of therapy (DOT) per 1000 patient-days (PD), and vancomycin use was compared using interrupted time-series analysis. RESULTS: Of 587 patients receiving vancomycin, 132 participated, with 79 and 53 enrolled in the first and second phases, respectively. Overall, vancomycin use decreased, although the difference was statistically nonsignificant (change in slope, -0.25 weekly DOT per 1000 PD; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.68 to 0.18; P = .24). The weekly vancomycin DOT per 1000 PD remained unchanged during phase 1 but decreased significantly in phase 2 (change in slope, -0.49; 95% CI, -0.84 to -0.14; P = .007). Antimicrobial use decreased significantly in the surgery/critical care patients in the pharmacist-led arm (change in slope, -0.77; 95% CI, -1.33 to -0.22; P = .007). CONCLUSIONS: Vancomycin time-out was moderately effective, and clinical pharmacist-led time-out with surgery/critical care patients substantially reduced vancomycin use.

Changes in infection control practice for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) between 2020 and 2021: A nationwide questionnaire survey in Japan.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has influenced current infection control practices in the healthcare setting. We surveyed 74 hospitals in Japan regarding changes in their infection control practices or policies between 2020 and the present. We found that the current hospital infection control practices for COVID-19 are adequate.

Experience of 101 patients with coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) at a tertiary care center in Japan.

INTRODUCTION: Clusters of novel coronavirus infectious disease of 2019 (COVID-19) have spread to become a global pandemic imposing a significant burden on healthcare systems. The lack of an effective treatment and the emergence of varied and complicated clinical courses in certain populations have rendered treatment of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 difficult. METHODS: Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, a public tertiary acute care center located in Tokyo, the epicenter of COVID-19 in Japan, has been admitting patients with COVID-19 since February 2020. The present, retrospective, case-series study aimed to investigate the clinical course and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 hospitalized at the study institution. RESULTS: In total, 101 patients with COVID-19 were admitted to our hospital to receive inpatient care. Eleven patients (10.9%) received ECMO, and nine patients (8.9%) died during hospitalization after COVID-19 was diagnosed. A history of smoking and obesity were most commonly encountered among patients with a complicated clinical course. Most patients who died requested to be transferred to advanced palliative care in the early course of their hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience of caring for these patients demonstrated a relatively lower mortality rate and higher survival rate in those with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation placement than previous reports from other countries and underscored the importance of proactive, advanced care planning in the early course of hospitalization.

A survey of preparedness against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in hospitals in Tokyo, Japan, with healthcare personnel with COVID-19 and in-facility transmission.

A questionnaire was distributed to hospitals in Tokyo (N = 38) regarding their preparedness against and in-facility transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As of May 31, 2020, 284 HCP had contracted COVID-19, and in-facility COVID-19 transmission occurred at 13 hospitals, negatively impacting hospital functions and patient care.

Barriers to Adherence to Antimicrobial Stewardship Postprescription Review and Feedback For Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Agents: A Nested Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Postprescription review and feedback (PPRF) is one of the most common strategies in antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) intervention. However, disagreements between the prescribers and ASP personnel can occur. The aim of the present study was to identify the factors associated with nonadherence to PPRF intervention. METHODS: The present retrospective nested case-control study was performed at a tertiary care center, which has been conducting a once-weekly PPRF for carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam since 2014. Nonadherence to ASP recommendations was defined as the failure of the primary care team to modify or stop antimicrobial therapy 72 hours after the issuance of PPRF recommendations. Factors associated with nonadherence to PPRF intervention were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In total, 2466 instances of PPRF in 1714 cases between April 2014 and September 2019 were found. The nonadherence rate was 5.9%, and 44 cases were found in which carbapenems or piperacillin/tazobactam continued to be used against PPRF recommendations. Factors associated with nonadherence to PPRF recommendations were a previous history of hospitalization within 90 days (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-5.81) and a rapidly fatal McCabe score at the time of PPRF intervention (aOR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.18-6.98). A review of the narrative comments in the electronic medical records indicated that common reasons for nonadherence were "the patient was sick" (n = 12; 27.3%) and "the antimicrobial seemed to be clinically effective" (n = 9; 20.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Nonadherence to PPRF recommendations was relatively uncommon at the study institution. However, patients with a severe disease condition frequently continued to receive broad-spectrum antimicrobials against PPRF recommendations. Understanding physicians' cognitive process in nonadherence to ASP recommendations and ASP interventions targeting medical subspecialties caring for severely ill patients is needed to improve ASP.

Critical National Shortage of Cefazolin in Japan: Management Strategies.

The shortage of antimicrobials poses a global health threat. In Japan, for instance, the current, critical shortage of cefazolin, a first-line agent for the treatment of common infectious diseases and surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis, has had a substantial impact on inpatient care. A shortage of essential antimicrobial agents like cefazolin leads to increased consumption of alternative antimicrobial agents with broad-spectrum activity, with the unintended consequence of militating against antimicrobial stewardship efforts in inpatient settings and potentially promoting antimicrobial resistance. Although there is global awareness of the shortage of crucial antimicrobials, action to resolve this problem, especially with a view to preventing antimicrobial resistance and promoting antimicrobial stewardship, has been slow, possibly due to the failure to appreciate the urgency of the dilemma. A comprehensive plan for stabilizing antimicrobial access and international collaboration to secure a continuous supply of essential antimicrobials are urgently needed.