ABSTRACT
The da Vinci® surgical system (Intuitive Surgical Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) was approved in 2009 by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare. In gynecology, robotic surgery for hysterectomy for benign indications and early-stage endometrial cancer has been covered by National Health Insurance since 2018. In a context where the da Vinci surgical system has prevailed in urology departments in Japan, gynecological robotic surgery has spread rapidly once it was covered by insurance. Although minimally invasive gynecologic surgery (minimally invasive surgery, or MIS) in Japan has a specific context, there are several problems with its safety, surgeon education, and cost in Japan. To maximize the many advantages of robotic surgery, its effectiveness needs to be carefully evaluated and this new technology needs to be safely incorporated in practice.
Subject(s)
Bone Remodeling , Animals , Bone Remodeling/physiology , Cytokines/physiology , DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology , Humans , Osteoblasts/physiology , Osteoclasts/physiology , Osteoporosis/metabolism , Parathyroid Hormone/physiology , Signal Transduction/physiology , Smad Proteins , Trans-Activators/physiology , Transcription Factors/physiology , Vitamin D/physiologyABSTRACT
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have been considered to differentiate into cells in bone, cartilage, tendon, muscle, and fat. Further analyses revealed that these cell also give rise to myocardial cells, oval cells and nerve cells, indicating high plasticity of these cells. Recent researches have been focused to utilize these cells to regenerate not only bone but also the life-maintaining major organs. As a cell source for the future regeneration of multiple organs, regeneration of the bone marrow is critical and thus studies on the process of bone marrow regeneration will benefit not only bone physiology field alone but also that of many other organs.
