ABSTRACT
Seasonal and pandemic-associated influenza strains cause highly contagious viral respiratory infections that can lead to severe illness and excess mortality. Here, we report on the optimization of our small-molecule inhibitor F0045(S) targeting the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) stem with our Sulfur-Fluoride Exchange (SuFEx) click chemistry-based high-throughput medicinal chemistry (HTMC) strategy. A combination of SuFEx- and amide-based lead molecule diversification and structure-guided design led to identification and validation of ultrapotent influenza fusion inhibitors with subnanomolar EC50 cellular antiviral activity against several influenza A group 1 strains. X-ray structures of six of these compounds with HA indicate that the appended moieties occupy additional pockets on the HA surface and increase the binding interaction, where the accumulation of several polar interactions also contributes to the improved affinity. The compounds here represent the most potent HA small-molecule inhibitors to date. Our divergent HTMC platform is therefore a powerful, rapid, and cost-effective approach to develop bioactive chemical probes and drug-like candidates against viral targets.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents , Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus , Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism , Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry , Humans , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/chemistry , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods , High-Throughput Screening Assays/methods , Influenza, Human/drug therapy , Influenza, Human/virology , Crystallography, X-Ray/methods , Click Chemistry/methods , Animals , Influenza A virus/drug effects , Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells , Viral Fusion Protein Inhibitors/pharmacology , Viral Fusion Protein Inhibitors/chemistry , DogsABSTRACT
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a bifunctional enzyme responsible for lipid metabolism and is a promising drug target. Here, we report the first-in-class PROTAC small-molecule degraders of sEH. Our optimized PROTAC selectively targets the degradation of cytosolic but not peroxisomal sEH, resulting in exquisite spatiotemporal control. Remarkably, our sEH PROTAC molecule has higher potency in cellular assays compared to the parent sEH inhibitor as measured by the significantly reduced ER stress. Interestingly, our mechanistic data indicate that our PROTAC directs the degradation of cytosolic sEH via the lysosome, not through the proteasome. The molecules presented here are useful chemical probes to study the biology of sEH with the potential for therapeutic development. Broadly, our results represent a proof of concept for the superior cellular potency of sEH degradation over sEH enzymatic inhibition, as well as subcellular compartment-selective modulation of a protein by PROTACs.
Subject(s)
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress , Epoxide Hydrolases , Proteolysis Targeting Chimera , Cytosol/metabolism , Epoxide Hydrolases/chemistry , Epoxide Hydrolases/metabolism , Proteolysis Targeting Chimera/pharmacology , Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/physiologyABSTRACT
Folate and related derivatives are essential small molecules required for survival. Of significant interest is the biological role and necessity of folate in the crosstalk between commensal organisms and their respective hosts, including the tremendously complex human distal gut microbiome. Here, we designed a folate-based probe consisting of a photo-crosslinker to detect and quantitate folate-binding proteins from proteomic samples. We demonstrate the selectivity of our probe for the well-established human folate-binding protein dihydrofolate reductase and show no promiscuous labeling occurs with human caspase-3 or bovine serum albumin, which served as negative controls. Affinity-based enrichment of folate-binding proteins from an E. coli lysate in combination with mass spectrometry proteomics verified the ability of our probe to isolate low-abundance folate-dependent proteins. We envision that our probe will serve as a tool to elucidate the roles of commensal microbial folate-binding proteins in health and microbiome-related diseases.
Subject(s)
Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry , Folic Acid Transporters/analysis , Folic Acid/chemistry , Molecular Probes/chemistry , Caspase 3/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Escherichia coli/chemistry , Humans , Microbiota/physiology , Photochemical Processes , Proteomics , Serum Albumin, Bovine/metabolism , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase/chemistryABSTRACT
Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based molecular-rotor chromophores were attached to the 5-positions of deoxyuridines, and subsequently, incorporated into the middle positions of oligodeoxynucleotides. These oligonucleotides were designed to form triplex DNA in order to encapsulate the GFP chromophores, mimicking GFP structures. Upon triplex formation, the embedded GFP chromophores exhibited fluorescence enhancement, suggesting the potential application of these fluorescent probes for the detection of nucleic acids.
Subject(s)
DNA/chemical synthesis , Fluorescence , Green Fluorescent Proteins/chemistry , Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry , DNA/chemistry , Molecular StructureABSTRACT
We have developed a multitarget super-resolution microscopy technique called image reconstruction by integrating exchangeable single-molecule localization (IRIS). IRIS uses protein fragment-based probes that directly associate with and dissociate from their targets over durations on the order of tens of milliseconds. By integrating single-molecule localization and sequential labeling, IRIS enables unprecedented labeling density along multiple cellular structures. IRIS can be used to discern the area-specific proximity between cytoskeletal components and focal adhesions within a single cell.
