ABSTRACT
Exercise habits are known as a protective factor for a variety of diseases and thus recommended worldwide; however, few studies have examined long-term effects of exercise habits on mortality. We continuously monitored death status in a nationwide population sample of 7,709 eligible persons from the National Integrated Project for Prospective Observation of Noncommunicable Disease and its Trends in the Aged in 1990 (NIPPON DATA90), for which baseline data were obtained in 1990. To investigate the long-term impact of baseline exercise habits, we calculated the relative risk of non-exercisers (participants without regular voluntary exercise habits) in reference to exercisers (those with these habits) for all-cause or cause-specific mortality using a Cox proportional hazard model, in which the following confounding factors were appropriately adjusted: sex, age, body mass index, total energy intake, smoking, drinking, and history of cardiovascular disease. During a median 20 years of follow-up, 1,747 participants died, 99 of heart failure. The risk for all-cause mortality was 12% higher in non-exercisers than in exercisers (95% confidence interval, 1%-24%), which was also observed for mortality from heart failure, as 68% higher in non-exercisers than in exercises (95% confidence interval, 3%-173%). These associations were similarly observed when the participants were divided to subgroups by sex, age, and the light, moderate, or vigorous intensity of physical activity, without any significant heterogeneities (P > 0.1). The present study has revealed significant impact of exercise habits on long-term mortality risks, supporting worldwide recommendations for improvement of exercise habits.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Exercise , Health Status , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cardiovascular Diseases/therapy , Cause of Death , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Habits , Heart Failure/mortality , Heart Failure/therapy , Humans , Japan/epidemiology , Life Style , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Proportional Hazards Models , Prospective Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
White coat hypertension is defined as elevated blood pressure in the office, but a normal blood pressure out-of-office, whereas masked hypertension is defined as elevated blood pressure in the office, but normal out-of-office blood pressure. The objective was to investigate the associations between these blood pressure phenotypes and carotid artery changes. Conventional blood pressure, ambulatory blood pressure, and carotid ultrasonography were evaluated in 851 Ohasama residents (31.8% men; mean age 66.3 years). The blood pressure phenotypes were defined by the ordinary thresholds (140/90 mmHg for conventional blood pressure, 135/85 mmHg for daytime blood pressure) and then by the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) thresholds for hypertension (130/80 mmHg for both conventional and daytime blood pressure), irrespective of antihypertensive medication treatment status. Blood pressure phenotypes were linearly associated with the mean intima-media thickness of the carotid artery in ascending order for sustained normal blood pressure, white coat hypertension, masked hypertension, and sustained hypertension according to the ordinary thresholds and the 2017 ACC/AHA thresholds (both linear trends P < 0.0001) after adjustments for possible confounding factors. The odds ratios for the presence of carotid plaques showed similar linear trends with the blood pressure phenotypes according to the 2017 ACC/AHA thresholds (linear trend P < 0.0191). In conclusion, there was a close relationship between blood pressure phenotypes and carotid artery changes, suggesting that blood pressure phenotypes as defined by ambulatory blood pressure are potentially useful for risk stratification of carotid artery changes in the Japanese general population.
