ABSTRACT
We presented a control strategy for tablet manufacturing processes based on continuous direct compression. The work was conducted by the experts of pharmaceutical companies, machine suppliers, academia, and regulatory authority in Japan. Among different items in the process, the component ratio and blended powder content were selected as the items requiring the control method specific to continuous manufacturing different from the conventional batch manufacturing. The control and management of the Loss in Weight (LIW) feeder were deemed the most important, and the Residence Time Distribution (RTD) model were regarded effective for setting the control range and for controlling of the LIW feeder. Based on these ideas, the concept of process control using RTD was summarized. The presented contents can serve as a solid fundament for adopting a new control method of continuous direct compression processes in and beyond the Japanese market.
ABSTRACT
CCN3 is a matricellular protein that belongs to the CCN family. CCN3 consists of 4 domains: insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-like domain (IGFBP), von Willebrand type C-like domain (VWC), thrombospondin type 1-like domain (TSP1), and the C-terminal domain (CT) having a cysteine knot motif. Periostin is a secretory protein that binds to extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin and collagen. In this study, we found that CCN3 interacted with periostin. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that the TSP1-CT interacted with the 4 repeats of the Fas 1 domain of periostin. Immunofluorescence analysis showed co-localization of CCN3 and periostin in the periodontal ligament of mice. In addition, targeted disruption of the periostin gene in mice decreased the matricellular localization of CCN3 in the periodontal ligament. Thus, these results indicate that periostin was required for the matricellular localization of CCN3 in the periodontal ligament, suggesting that periostin mediated an interaction between CCN3 and the extracellular matrix.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Matricellular proteins, including periostin, modulate cell-matrix interactions and cell functions by acting outside of cells. METHODS AND FINDINGS: In this study, however, we reported that periostin physically associates with the Notch1 precursor at its EGF repeats in the inside of cells. Moreover, by using the periodontal ligament of molar from periostin-deficient adult mice (Pn-/- molar PDL), which is a constitutively mechanically stressed tissue, we found that periostin maintained the site-1 cleaved 120-kDa transmembrane domain of Notch1 (N1) level without regulating Notch1 mRNA expression. N1 maintenance in vitro was also observed under such a stress condition as heat and H(2)O(2) treatment in periostin overexpressed cells. Furthermore, we found that the expression of a downstream effector of Notch signaling, Bcl-xL was decreased in the Pn-/- molar PDL, and in the molar movement, cell death was enhanced in the pressure side of Pn-/- molar PDL. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the possibility that periostin inhibits cell death through up-regulation of Bcl-xL expression by maintaining the Notch1 protein level under the stress condition, which is caused by its physical association with the Notch1 precursor.
Subject(s)
Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation , Molar/cytology , Protein Precursors/metabolism , Receptor, Notch1/metabolism , Stress, Mechanical , Animals , Cell Adhesion Molecules/deficiency , Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics , Cell Line , Cell Membrane/metabolism , Mice , Molar/metabolism , Molecular Weight , Protein Binding , Protein Precursors/chemistry , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Receptor, Notch1/chemistry , Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid , Signal Transduction , bcl-X Protein/genetics , bcl-X Protein/metabolismABSTRACT
Periostin is a matricellular protein participating in the tissue remodelling of damaged cardiac tissue after acute myocardial infarction and of the periodontal ligament in mice. However, further studies on the periostin protein have been limited by the intrinsic difficulty of purifying this protein produced in Escherichia coli due to its insolubility. Here, we demonstrate the expression of recombinant periostin protein with high solubility and monodispersity in E. coli. Periostin is composed of an amino-terminal EMI domain, a tandem repeat of 4 fas1 domains (RD1-4), and a carboxyl-terminal region (CTR). We expressed the RD4-CTR region tagged with GST at amino-terminal and 6x Histidine at carboxyl-terminal end in E. coli. The recombinant protein was purified by using GSH-Sepharose and nickel chelation affinity chromatography, followed by gel filtration chromatography. The RD4-CTR protein exhibited high solubility and monodispersity. On average, 9.1 mg of purified RD4-CTR was routinely obtained from 1 L of culture media. Furthermore, the RD4-CTR was biochemically active, because it bound to the RD1-4, the same as intact periostin protein that had been purified from mammalian cells. Our results should enable us to produce the periostin recombinant protein in large quantities and facilitate future studies on functional and structural analyses of periostin.
Subject(s)
Cell Adhesion Molecules/isolation & purification , Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism , Escherichia coli/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Alternative Splicing/genetics , Animals , Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry , Mice , Mutant Proteins/metabolism , Periodontal Ligament/metabolism , Protein Binding , Protein Isoforms/metabolism , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/isolation & purification , Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , SolubilityABSTRACT
In the past decades, the function of the Wnt canonical pathway during embryogenesis has been intensively investigated; however, little survey of neonatal and adult tissues has been made, and the role of this pathway remains largely unknown. To investigate its role in mature tissues, we generated two new reporter transgenic mouse lines, ins-TOPEGFP and ins-TOPGAL, that drive EGFP and beta-galactosidase expression under TCF/beta-catenin, respectively. To obtain the accurate expression pattern, we flanked these transgenes with the HS4 insulator to reduce chromosomal positional effects. Analysis of embryos showed that the reporter genes were activated in regions where canonical Wnt activity has been implicated. Furthermore, their expression patterns were consistent in both lines, indicating the accuracy of the reporter signal. In the neonatal brain, the reporter signal was detected in the mesencephalon and hippocampus. In the adult mice, the reporter signal was found in the mature pericenteral hepatocytes in the normal liver. Furthermore, during inflammation the number of T cells expressing the reporter gene increased in the adult spleen. Thus, in this research, we identified two organs, i.e., the liver and spleen, as novel organs in which the Wnt canonical signal is in motion in the adult. These transgenic lines will provide us broader opportunities to investigate the function of the Wnt canonical pathway in vivo.
