Novel Polyoxyethylene-Containing Glycolipids Are Synthesized in Corynebacterium matruchotii and Mycobacterium smegmatis Cultured in the Presence of Tween 80.

The addition of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) to a culture of mycobacteria greatly influences cell permeability and sensitivity to antibiotics but very little is known regarding the underlying mechanism. Here we show that Corynebacterium matruchotii (surrogate of mycobacteria) converts Tween 80 to a structural series of polyoxyethylenic acids which are then used to form novel series-2A and series-2B glycolipids. Minor series-3 glycolipids were also synthesized. The polyoxyethylenic acids replaced corynomycolic acids in the cell wall. Correspondingly the trehalose dicorynomycolate content was reduced. MALDI mass spectrometry, MS-MS, (1)H-NMR, and (13)C-NMR were used to characterize the series-2 glycolipids. Series-2A glycolipid is trehalose 6-C(36:2)-corynomycolate-6'-polyoxyethylenate and series-2B glycolipid is trehalose 6-C(36:2)-corynomycolate-6'-furan ring-containing polyoxyethylenate. Mycobacterium smegmatis grown in the presence of Tween 80 also synthesizes series-2 type glycolipids. The synthesis of these novel glycolipids in corynebacteria and mycobacteria should result in gross changes in the cell wall permeability and drug sensitivity.

Identification of a novel alpha(1-->6) mannopyranosyltransferase MptB from Corynebacterium glutamicum by deletion of a conserved gene, NCgl1505, affords a lipomannan- and lipoarabinomannan-deficient mutant.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium glutamicum share a similar cell wall structure and orthologous enzymes involved in cell wall assembly. Herein, we have studied C. glutamicum NCgl1505, the orthologue of putative glycosyltransferases Rv1459c from M. tuberculosis and MSMEG3120 from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Deletion of NCgl1505 resulted in the absence of lipomannan (Cg-LM-A), lipoarabinomannan (Cg-LAM) and a multi-mannosylated polymer (Cg-LM-B) based on a 1,2-di-O-C(16)/C(18:1)-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1-->3)-glycerol (GlcAGroAc(2)) anchor, while syntheses of triacylated-phosphatidyl-myo-inositol dimannoside (Ac(1)PIM(2)) and Man(1)GlcAGroAc(2) were still abundant in whole cells. Cell-free incubation of C. glutamicum membranes with GDP-[(14)C]Man established that C. glutamicum synthesized a novel alpha(1-->6)-linked linear form of Cg-LM-A and Cg-LM-B from Ac(1)PIM(2) and Man(1)GlcAGroAc(2) respectively. Furthermore, deletion of NCgl1505 also led to the absence of in vitro synthesized linear Cg-LM-A and Cg-LM-B, demonstrating that NCgl1505 was involved in core alpha(1-->6) mannan biosynthesis of Cg-LM-A and Cg-LM-B, extending Ac(1)PI[(14)C]M(2) and [(14)C]Man(1)GlcAGroAc(2) primers respectively. Use of the acceptor alpha-D-Manp-(1-->6)-alpha-D-Manp-O-C(8) in an in vitro cell-free assay confirmed NCgl1505 as an alpha(1-->6) mannopyranosyltransferase, now termed MptB. While Rv1459c and MSMEG3120 demonstrated similar in vitroalpha(1-->6) mannopyranosyltransferase activity, deletion of the Rv1459c homologue in M. smegmatis did not result in loss of mycobacterial LM/LAM, indicating a functional redundancy for this enzyme in mycobacteria.

Transposome mutagenesis of an integral membrane transporter in Corynebacterium matruchotii.

A transposon-5 insertion library of Corynebacterium matruchotii ATCC14266 was generated and screened for mutants with altered corynomycolic acid content. One of these designated 319 mutants showed an interruption of a gene encoding an integral membrane protein. MALDI mass spectra of trehalose monocorynomycolate (TMCM), trehalose dicorynomycolate, and methyl corynomycolates derived from cell wall arabinogalactan-corynomycolate showed that these lipids from the mutant contained a lower amount of short-chain (C24 to C34) and much greater amount of long-chain (primarily C(36:2)) corynomycolic acids than the wild type. An analysis of mRNA demonstrated that the integral membrane protein and ATP-binding cassette transporter are transcriptionally coupled. These results suggested that the proteins/enzymes encoded by the membrane transporter gene locus preferably move short-chain corynomycolic acids from the cytoplasm across the membrane bilayer to the periplasmic space where the synthesis of TMCM is thought to occur. This is the first evidence linking corynomycolic acid to a transporter gene locus.

Mitogenicity of a spread film of monophosphoryl lipid A.

When spread at the air-water interface, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) forms stable insoluble monolayers that collapse at approximately 55 dyn/cm. At collapse, the exclusion area of each molecule is approximately 119 Angstrom(2), consistent with the cross-sectional area of the lipid's 6 acyl chains. The nominal thickness of such films is approximately 22 Angstrom, determined, presumably, by the length of the acyl chains. For biological modeling of MPLA films, a system was developed in which monolayers of the lipid are supported by monodisperse hydrophobic beads of microscopic dimensions. Beads coated with MPLA monolayers within which the nominal area of each molecule is approximately equivalent to the "take-off" area of the lipid at the air-water interface, 280 Angstrom(2), are mitogenic for spleen cells. Given the natural occurrence of lipid A in the bacterial cell wall as well as the inherent stability of lipid A films, it seems reasonable to assume that at least some of the biological activities attributed to the lipid derive from its presentation/operation at an interface, i.e., on a surface. We propose beads coated with adsorbed films of lipid A will prove useful tools for modeling the activities of the lipid both in vitro and in vivo, and for elucidating the surface dependency and structural requirements of those activities.

Pathway to synthesis and processing of mycolic acids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is known to synthesize alpha-, methoxy-, and keto-mycolic acids. We propose a detailed pathway to the biosynthesis of all mycolic acids in M. tuberculosis. Fatty acid synthetase I provides C(20)-S-coenzyme A to the fatty acid synthetase II system (FAS-IIA). Modules of FAS-IIA and FAS-IIB introduce cis unsaturation at two locations on a growing meroacid chain to yield three different forms of cis,cis-diunsaturated fatty acids (intermediates to alpha-, methoxy-, and keto-meroacids). These are methylated, and the mature meroacids and carboxylated C(26)-S-acyl carrier protein enter into the final Claisen-type condensation with polyketide synthase-13 (Pks13) to yield mycolyl-S-Pks13. We list candidate genes in the genome encoding the proposed dehydrase and isomerase in the FAS-IIA and FAS-IIB modules. We propose that the processing of mycolic acids begins by transfer of mycolic acids from mycolyl-S-Pks13 to d-mannopyranosyl-1-phosphoheptaprenol to yield 6-O-mycolyl-beta-d-mannopyranosyl-1-phosphoheptaprenol and then to trehalose 6-phosphate to yield phosphorylated trehalose monomycolate (TMM-P). Phosphatase releases the phosphate group to yield TMM, which is immediately transported outside the cell by the ABC transporter. Antigen 85 then catalyzes the transfer of a mycolyl group from TMM to the cell wall arabinogalactan and to other TMMs to produce arabinogalactan-mycolate and trehalose dimycolate, respectively. We list candidate genes in the genome that encode the proposed mycolyltransferases I and II, phosphatase, and ABC transporter. The enzymes within this total pathway are targets for new drug discovery.

Possible association of GroES and antigen 85 proteins with heat resistance of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.

Conflicting reports on the heat resistance of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis prompted an examination of the effect of culture medium on this property of the organism. M. paratuberculosis was cultured in three types of media (fatty acid-containing medium 7H9-OADC (oleic acid-albumin-dextrose-catalase supplement) and glycerol-containing media WR-GD and 7H9-GD [glycerol-dextrose supplement]) at pH 6.0. M. paratuberculosis grown under these three culture conditions was then tested for heat resistance in distilled water at 65 degrees C. Soluble proteins and mycolic acids of M. paratuberculosis were evaluated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC), respectively. The type of culture medium used significantly affected the heat resistance of M. paratuberculosis. The decimal reduction times at 65 degrees C (D(65 degrees C) values; times required to reduce the concentration of bacteria by a factor of 10 at 65 degrees C) for M. paratuberculosis strains grown in 7H9-OADC were significantly higher than those for the organisms grown in WR-GD medium (P < 0.01). When the glycerol-dextrose supplement of WR was substituted for the fatty acid supplement (OADC) in 7H9 medium (resulting in 7H9-GD), the D(65 degrees C) value was significantly lower than that for the organism grown in 7H9-OADC medium (P = 0.022) but higher than that when it was cultured in WR-GD medium (P = 0.005). Proteomic analysis by 2-DE of soluble proteins extracted from M. paratuberculosis grown without heat stress in the three media (7H9-OADC, 7H9-GD, and WR-GD) revealed that seven proteins were more highly expressed in 7H9-OADC medium than in the other two media. When the seven proteins were subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometric analysis, four of the seven protein spots were unidentifiable. The other three proteins were identified as GroES heat shock protein, alpha antigen, and antigen 85 complex B (Ag85B; fibronectin-binding protein). These proteins may be associated with the heat resistance of M. paratuberculosis. Alpha antigen and Ag85B are both trehalose mycolyltransferases involved in mycobacterial cell wall assembly. TLC revealed that 7H9-OADC medium supported production of more trehalose dimycolates and cell wall-bound mycolic acids than did WR-GD medium. The present study shows that in vitro culture conditions significantly affect heat resistance, cell wall synthesis, and protein expression of M. paratuberculosis and emphasize the importance of culture conditions on in vitro and ex vivo studies to estimate heat resistance.

Transposon-5 mutagenesis transforms Corynebacterium matruchotii to synthesize novel hybrid fatty acids that functionally replace corynomycolic acid.

Enzymes within the biosynthetic pathway of mycolic acid (C(60)-C(90) a-alkyl,b-hydroxyl fatty acid) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis are attractive targets for developing new anti-tuberculosis drugs. We have turned to the simple model system of Corynebacterium matruchotii to study the terminal steps in the anabolic pathway of a C32 mycolic acid called corynomycolic acid. By transposon-5 mutagenesis, we transformed C. matruchotii into a mutant that is unable to synthesize corynomycolic acid. Instead, it synthesized two related series of novel fatty acids that were released by saponification from the cell wall fraction and from two chloroform/methanol-extractable glycolipids presumed to be analogues of trehalose mono- and di-corynomycolate. By chemical analyses and MS, we determined the general structure of the two series to be 2,4,6,8,10-penta-alkyl decanoic acid for the larger series (C(70)-C(77)) and 2,4,6,8-tetra-alkyl octanoic acid for the smaller series (C(52)-C(64)), both containing multiple keto groups, hydroxy groups and double bonds. The mutant was temperature-sensitive, aggregated extensively, grew very slowly relative to the wild type, and was resistant to the presence of lysozyme. We suggest that a regulatory protein that normally prevents the transfer of the condensation product back to b-ketoacyl synthase in the corynomycolate synthase system of the wild type was inactivated in the mutant. This will result in multiple Claisen-type condensation and the formation of two similar series of these complex hybrid fatty acids. A similar protein in M. tuberculosis would be an attractive target for new drug discovery.