ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Inflammatory agents, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in periodontal pockets may promote atherogenesis by activating leukocytes. In our previous study, we developed a microchannel chip to observe the cell adhesion process in a fluid system. The objective of this investigation was to examine the mechanism by which periodontopathic bacterial LPS enhances plaque-like formation on a microchannel chip. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To evaluate the effect of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans LPS on the expression of adhesion molecules, e.g. intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) and L-selectin, on the surface of murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells, the expression of each adhesion molecule was examined by flow cytometry and western blot analysis. Moreover, a flow test on the microchannel chip involving anti-adhesion molecule antibodies was conducted to clarify which adhesion molecule is related to plaque-like formation of RAW264.7 cells. RESULTS: The expressions of ICAM-1 and LFA-1 on the surface of RAW 264.7 cells increased following 12 h culture with LPS; L-selectin expression was unaffected. An increase in ICAM-1 expression was also confirmed by western blot analysis. The flow test revealed that anti-ICAM-1 antibody inhibited plaque-like formation of LPS-stimulated macrophages on the micropillars of the microchannel chip. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that ICAM-1 plays an important role in plaque-like formation of LPS-stimulated macrophages. Our microchannel chip is a suitable tool for the investigation of etiological factors of atherosclerosis, including periodontitis, in vitro.
Subject(s)
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans/physiology , Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/drug effects , L-Selectin/drug effects , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/drug effects , Macrophages/drug effects , Animals , Antibodies , Atherosclerosis/pathology , Blotting, Western , Cell Adhesion/drug effects , Cell Aggregation/drug effects , Cell Culture Techniques , Cell Line , Flow Cytometry , Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/analysis , L-Selectin/analysis , Lab-On-A-Chip Devices , Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/analysis , MiceABSTRACT
AIM: To verify the muscular force and resistance to the movement of the flexor and extensor muscles of the knee of patients with spasticity after treatment with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and isotonic exercises. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The patients this study were divided into group 1 (NMES) and group 2 (isotonic exercises). Their muscular torque and resistance to the movement of the flexor and extensor knee muscles were measured by the isokinetic dynamometer and the degree of spasticity by the modified Ashworth scale before and after ten sessions. RESULTS: Alterations in the scores of the modified Ashworth scale were not observed. An increase in the flexor torque in group 1 (p = 0.041) and in group 2 (p = 0.001) was verified. In the passive mode, group 1 presented a reduction of resistance to the flexion movement (p = 0.026), while in group 2, a reduction of resistance to both the flexion (p = 0,029) and extension movements (p = 0.019) was verified. CONCLUSIONS: The two therapeutical resources had their efficiency proven only for the increase of the force of the flexor muscles. The resistance to movement, the isotonic exercises were more effective because they promoted a reduction in the resistance of the flexor and extensor knee muscles.
Subject(s)
Electric Stimulation Therapy , Exercise Therapy , Hemiplegia/rehabilitation , Female , Humans , Knee , Male , Middle Aged , Muscle, SkeletalABSTRACT
Comprobar la fuerza muscular y la resistencia al movimiento de los músculos flexores y extensores de larodilla de los pacientes con espasticidad después del tratamiento con estimulación eléctrica neuromuscular (EENM) y ejercicios isotónicos. Pacientes y métodos. Los pacientes se dividieron en grupo 1 (EENM) y grupo 2 (ejercicios isotónicos). Su momentode fuerza muscular y la resistencia al movimiento de los músculos flexores y extensores de la rodilla se midieron mediante el dinamómetro isocinético, y el grado de espasticidad se midió mediante la escala modificada de Ashworth antes y después de diez sesiones. Resultados. No se observaron variaciones en las puntuaciones de la escala modificada de Ashworth.Se verificó un aumento del momento de fuerza de flexión en el grupo 1 (p = 0,041) y en el grupo 2 (p = 0,001). En el modo pasivo, el grupo 1 presentó una disminución de la resistencia al movimiento de flexión (p = 0,026), mientras que en el grupo 2 se verificó una disminución de la resistencia tanto al movimiento de flexión (p = 0,029) como al movimiento de extensión(p = 0,019). Conclusiones. Los dos recursos terapéuticos demostraron su eficacia sólo para el aumento de la fuerza de los músculos flexores. En la resistencia al movimiento, los ejercicios isotónicos fueron más eficaces porque fomentaron una disminuciónde la resistencia de los músculos flexores y extensores de la rodilla
To verify the muscular force and resistance to the movement of the flexor and extensor muscles of the knee of patients with spasticity after treatment with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and isotonic exercises. Patients and methods. The patients this study were divided into group 1 (NMES) and group 2 (isotonic exercises). Their muscular torque and resistance to the movement of the flexor and extensor knee muscles were measured by the isokinetic dynamometer and thedegree of spasticity by the modified Ashworth scale before and after ten sessions. Results. Alterations in the scores of the modified Ashworth scale were not observed. An increase in the flexor torque in group 1 (p = 0.041) and in group 2 (p = 0.001)was verified. In the passive mode, group 1 presented a reduction of resistance to the flexion movement (p = 0.026), while in group 2, a reduction of resistance to both the flexion (p = 0,029) and extension movements (p = 0.019) was verified.Conclusions. The two therapeutical resources had their efficiency proven only for the increase of the force of the flexor muscles. The resistance to movement, the isotonic exercises were more effective because they promoted a reduction in the resistance of the flexor and extensor knee muscles
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Hemiplegia/therapy , Exercise Therapy/methods , Electric Stimulation Therapy/methods , Isotonic Contraction/physiology , Stroke/rehabilitation , Muscle Spasticity/therapyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Intra-cardiac echocardiography (ICE) which has some benefits, can be used to obtain detailed anatomy of the heart chambers or large vessels, and the catheter positions, and it has been considered useful for improving the outcome of the ablation. In the present study, we performed pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) under real time monitoring of ICE imaging utilizing an ICE catheter placed at the junction of the left atrium (LA) and PVs (LA-PV junction). METHODS: PVI for atrial fibrillation (AF) was performed in 30 cases with drug-resistant AF (mean age: 66-years-old; including 22 males). An ICE catheter utilizing a 9 MHz frequency was inserted into the LA via the atrial septum, and placed at the LA-PV junction. Circumferential ablation was performed in the LA outside of the PV ostium, encircling both the superior and inferior ostia together under ICE imaging. RESULTS: The anatomy of the LA to the PVs and catheter sites were clearly identified by the ICE during the procedure, which enabled a precise and safe catheter manipulation with minimal fluoroscopy. Further, the wall thickness of the PV and LA, and position of the esophagus could be obtained by ICE, facilitating care in adjusting the power and/or duration of the current delivery. CONCLUSION: ICE imaging of the LA-PV junction permitted real time monitoring of the target sites for PVI during the ablation procedure, and was considered a useful technique for performing PVI.
