Subject(s)
Morphinans/administration & dosage , Morphinans/pharmacology , Pruritus/drug therapy , Pruritus/etiology , Renal Dialysis/adverse effects , Spiro Compounds/administration & dosage , Spiro Compounds/pharmacology , Uremia/complications , Administration, Oral , Animals , Capsules , Clinical Trials as Topic , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Morphinans/metabolism , Morphinans/pharmacokinetics , Receptors, Opioid/agonists , Receptors, Opioid/metabolism , Spiro Compounds/metabolism , Spiro Compounds/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
The chemical constituents of the root extracts and the nucleotide sequences of the atpB-rbcL intergenic region of Ligularia latihastata and L. villosa, collected in northwestern Yunnan Province, were studied. In the twelve collected samples of L. latihastata, two major benzofurans, 5,6-dimethoxy-2-(1-methylethenyl)-1-benzofuran (1) and euparin (2) were detected as major components. The minor compound (2R*,3S*)-5-acetyl-2,3-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2-(1-methylethenyl)-1-benzofuran-3-yl (2Z)-2-[(acetoxy)methyl]but-2-enoate (4) was found to be susceptible to artifact formation upon extraction with EtOH. The intra-specific diversity in chemical composition of the samples was small, but the diversity in the atpB-rbcL sequence was fairly large. Compounds 1 and 2 were also found in the three collected samples of L. villosa, indicating that the two species are chemically close to each other, in agreement with morphological taxonomy.
