Familial Primary Biliary Cholangitis With Different Clinical Courses Based on Anti-gp210 Antibody Positivity: A Report of Two Cases.

A 30-year-old woman (daughter) was diagnosed to have primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) overlap syndrome. Although she was started on prednisolone and ursodeoxycholic acid (UA), she eventually died of hepatic failure with gastrointestinal hemorrhage seven months after the initial hospitalization. A 60-year-old woman (mother) was diagnosed with PBC with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, was treated with UA, and had no disease progression. These familial PBC patients had different clinical courses. While the mother was negative for the anti-glycoprotein 210 (anti-gp210) antibody, the daughter was positive for the same. These findings suggest that anti-gp210 antibody positivity affects the prognosis of PBC, even in familial cases.

Multipolar radiofrequency ablation via three bipolar electrodes with C-arm type X-ray fluoroscopy assistance for hepatocellular carcinoma: An observational study.

The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of the insertion technique of 3 bipolar electrodes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), using C-arm type X-ray fluoroscopy-assisted ultrasonography (US) in guiding a multipolar radiofrequency ablation (RFA) system. Seventy-three patients with HCC treated with a multipolar RFA system (1 electrode, n = 2; 2 electrodes, n = 56; 3 electrodes, n = 17) were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. To analyze their therapeutic outcome in this study, we divided among 17 patients using 3 electrodes into 2 subgroups: the C-arm type X-ray fluoroscopy-assisted (n = 7) and the US-guided alone groups (n = 10). Therapeutic efficacy and safety were analyzed between the 2 groups. Multipolar RFA treatment was performed safely in all cases, and no severe adverse events occurred. Comparing the patient background of the group treated using 1 or 2 electrodes with that treated using 3 electrodes, larger-sized HCC was treated using 3 electrodes (P < .001). The differences in overall and recurrence-free survival rates between the 1- or 2-electrode and the 3-electrode groups were not significantly different (P = .843 and P = .891). Comparing the C-arm type X-ray fluoroscopy-assisted and the US-guided alone groups among patients treated using 3 electrodes, technical factors such as total ablation time and the number of sessions were not significantly different between the 2 groups. The local tumor progression rate was not significantly different between the 2 groups (P = .942). Multipolar RFA treatment was effective for the treating HCC; using 3 electrodes was suitable for larger-sized HCCs. The technical approach with C-arm type X-ray fluoroscopy assistance using 3 electrodes was useful for operators to perform safe and appropriate insertion techniques by synchronizing the US and X-ray fluoroscopy images.

Suppression of Local Tumor Progression in Perivascular Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Combination Therapy with Radiofrequency Ablation and Percutaneous Ethanol Injection: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has replaced percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) as the treatment of choice for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, control of local tumor progression (LTP) remains a challenge in perivascular HCC. The aim of this study was to determine whether PEI added to RFA can reduce the LTP rate in perivascular HCC patients. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 167 patients, with 197 newly diagnosed HCC nodules with peritumoral vessels, who underwent either RFA plus PEI or RFA monotherapy as the first-line treatment between June 2001 and April 2015. Ethanol was injected inside the tumor close to the peritumoral vessels in the combination therapy group. Patients were matched 1:1 according to their propensity scores to reduce selection bias; cumulative LTP was then analyzed using log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazard regression analyses. RESULTS: The two matched groups comprised 62 tumors each. The overall median follow-up period was 34 months (range, 1-140 months). In the RFA plus PEI group, the cumulative LTP rates were 5.7%, 15.5%, and 20.4% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively; in the RFA monotherapy group, the rates were 13.2%, 32.0%, and 40.2%, respectively. The rates were significantly lower in the RFA plus PEI group (p = 0.032). Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed that PEI combination treatment was significantly associated with a reduced risk of local HCC recurrence (hazard ratio, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.19-0.93; p = 0.031). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: The risk of LTP after RFA for perivascular HCC can be significantly reduced by injecting ethanol close to the peritumoral vessels.

Eosinophilic Granuloma of the Liver Mimicking Metastatic Liver Tumor.

We herein report a case of coagulation necrosis with granulation and eosinophilic infiltration of the liver. A 37-year-old woman was diagnosed with a new mass lesion in the liver 1 month after breast cancer surgery and admitted for a further examination. Because the tumor occurred immediately after surgery, it was considered essential to determine whether or not it was a metastatic liver tumor from breast cancer. A percutaneous liver tumor biopsy revealed eosinophilic granuloma of the liver, which is considered to have a high possibility of visceral larva migrans with suspected gnathostomiasis infection. A detailed medical history and histological diagnosis are important for making a differential diagnosis.

Male-specific Association between Iron and Lipid Metabolism Changes and Erythroferrone after Hepatitis C Virus Eradication.

Objective Hepatitis C virus (HCV) eradication is associated with decreased serum ferritin and increased serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, although the mechanisms underlying these changes remain unclear. This study aimed to identify the mechanisms underlying the changes in iron and lipid metabolism after HCV eradication. Methods We retrospectively investigated iron and lipid metabolism changes in 22 patients with chronic hepatitis or compensated liver cirrhosis with HCV genotype 1b infection after HCV eradication. We measured the serum erythroferrone (ERFE) levels to assess the association with these metabolic changes. Patients were administered ledipasvir 90 mg and sofosbuvir 400 mg once daily for 12 weeks and were observed for 12 more weeks to evaluate the sustained virological response. Results Half of the patients were men. At baseline, the serum ferritin and ERFE levels were elevated, while the serum LDL-C levels were within the normal range. All patients achieved a sustained virological response at 24 weeks; furthermore, the serum ferritin and ERFE levels were significantly decreased, and the serum LDL-C levels were significantly increased at 24 weeks from baseline (p<0.001, all). In men, a decrease in serum ERFE levels was correlated with changes in the serum ferritin and LDL-C levels (r=0.78, p<0.01; r=-0.76, p<0.01, respectively). In addition, a decrease in the serum ferritin levels was correlated with an increase in the serum LDL-C levels (r=-0.89, p<0.001). These correlations were not observed in women. Conclusion Our results suggest a possible association between iron and lipid metabolism changes and the involvement of ERFE after HCV eradication in men as well as potential sex-related differences.

Multiple focal fatty changes in the liver in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda: A case series and review of the literature.

Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is commonly diagnosed in cases where multiple hyperechoic nodules are observed in the liver. Pathologically, these nodules associated with PCT are focal fatty deposits. We report here, seven cases of PCT with fatty changes over multiple foci in the liver. Furthermore, the characteristics of ultrasonography (US) findings of 32 previously reported cases are summarized. The US features of these nodules showed a homogenous hyperechoic or hyperechoic rim pattern, partial confluence, and no mass effect in the vascular structures. Because multiple hyperechoic liver nodules occasionally mimic malignancies, and because their diagnosis can be challenging, clinicians should consider checking urine porphyrin levels to rule out PCT when such nodules are observed on US.

Gastroesophageal Varices and Hyperplastic Nodules of the Liver in a Patient with Anorexia Nervosa.

We report a case of anorexia nervosa (AN) with gastroesophageal varices (GEV) in a 36-year-old woman. The patient presented to our hospital with progressive bloating due to severe ascites. She had no history of alcohol intake. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and enhanced computed tomography revealed GEV and multiple hepatic nodules, respectively. The histological examination of a liver biopsy specimen revealed similar features to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and showed hyperplastic nodules that were suspected to be related to the uneven distribution of portal blood flow in the liver. In conclusion, patients with long-term AN should undergo abdominal imaging to detect signs of portal hypertension.

Novel Endoscopic Therapy for Gastric Varices Using Direct Forward-Viewing Endoscopic Ultrasonography.

Gastric varices (GV) carry a high risk of massive hemorrhage because of potential rupture. To reduce the risk associated with GV, patients need to undergo hemostatic and preventive treatment. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the usefulness of a new method, direct forward-viewing endoscopic ultrasonography (DFV-EUS) for the treatment of GV. We performed endoscopic injection sclerotherapy with histoacryl (EIS-HA) using DFV-EUS for GV in four patients. The paracentesis success rate was 75% (3/4). DFV-EUS has a significant advantage for the treatment of GV in that it can show physicians endoscopic and ultrasound views in real time during the delivery of the sclerosant into the GV. However, the proper use of the ultrasound view must be elucidated through further research for safer and more effective therapy. In the presence of distance between the mucosal surface and vascular lumen or when the blood flow site requires puncture as an additional treatment, DFV-EUS might be a good candidate for the treatment of GV. Altogether, EIS-HA with DFV-EUS might be a new therapeutic option for patients with GV.

Elobixibat, an ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor, ameliorates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have suggested that several types of toxic bile acids (BAs) are involved in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In the present study, we aimed to determine whether elobixibat, an ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitor, would ameliorate NASH in mice. METHODS: C57BL/6N mice were fed a methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) to induce NASH or standard diet as control for 8 weeks (n = 5 per group). The MCD diet-fed mice were administered elobixibat 5 days a week for 4 weeks by gavage (n = 5). The effects of the treatments on liver histopathology, proinflammatory cytokine concentrations, intestinal epithelial tight junctions, and the intestinal microbial composition were then assessed. RESULTS: In MCD-fed mice, hepatic fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration developed, and the serum aspartate transaminase activity and BA concentration were higher than the control. In addition, the proinflammatory cytokine concentrations were high in the liver and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), and the expression of intestinal epithelium tight junction proteins, claudin1, was increased. In the intestinal microbial composition, the abundance of the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaeae were decreased, whereas that of the Enterobacteriaceae was increased. Treatment with elobixibat reduced the serum BA and increased the fecal BA concentration, and ameliorated the liver inflammation and fibrosis. It also reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the liver and MLNs, and transforming growth factor-ß expression in the liver. Finally, elobixibat normalized intestinal tight junction protein level and the composition of the intestinal microbiota. CONCLUSION: Elobixibat ameliorates NASH-related histopathology, reduces cytokine expression, and normalizes the intestinal microbial composition in MCD-fed mice, which suggests that it may represent a promising candidate for the therapy of NASH.

Irsogladine maleate alters expression of a tight junction protein in portal hypertensive gastropathy.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) is characterized by noninflammatory edema and vasodilatation of the lamina propria of the mucosal epithelium. In addition, the alterations of intercellular junction proteins and dilatation of the endothelial gaps have been reported. In this study, we examined whether irsogladine maleate (IM), a gastric mucosal protective agent, has the potential to improve PHG by restoration of tight junctions (TJs). METHODS: Twenty-four patients with PHG were registered and randomly assigned into two groups: 12 patients in the IM-administration group and 12 patients in the non-administration group. In the administration group, IM (4 mg/day) was administered orally for 12 weeks. Gastric mucosa with a red color in patients with PHG were obtained endoscopically on the registration day and 12 weeks later. The endoscopic findings were evaluated, an immunohistochemical analysis of claudin-3 (a TJ protein) expression in gastric mucosal tissues by a laser microscope was performed, and claudin-3 expression was quantified by western blot analysis. RESULTS: Irsogladine maleate improved the degree of PHG in 2/12 patients endoscopically, in contrast to none of the 12 patients in the non-administration group. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that expression of claudin-3 increased in 8/12 patients in the IM-administration group and 2/12 patients in the non-administration group (P = 0.036). Western blot analysis revealed that the increase in claudin-3 after 12 weeks was significantly higher in the IM-administration group than in the non-administration group (P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: The present pilot study suggested that IM might improve the gastric mucosa in PHG through restoration of TJ-protein claudin-3.

Hepatitis B virus core-related antigen is useful for surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence in a patient with occult hepatitis B virus infection: Case report.

Serum HBV core-related antigen (HBcrAg) is useful for detecting HCC in patients with occult HBV infection. Surveillance for HCC is needed in patients who are positive for HBcrAg, even if they are negative for HBsAg and HBV DNA.

Horizontal Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Genotype C Among Members of a Wrestling Club in Japan.

BACKGROUND In adulthood, most cases of acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are transmitted either by sexual contact or by contaminated needles, but there are other modes of transmission. We report on three cases of HBV infection among members of a wrestling club. CASE REPORT A 19-year-old male wrestling athlete was admitted with acute hepatitis B. Five months later, 2 other men, who were members of the same wrestling club, were diagnosed with HBV infection. The full-length sequences of the HBV DNA were identical in all three cases and classified as subgenotype C2 on phylogenetic analysis. This is the most common genotype found in Japan. No history of sexual or bleeding contact with acquaintances outside the club was noted in any of these cases. This suggests horizontal transmission within the wrestling club. CONCLUSIONS The possibility of HBV transmission through bleeding wounds and sweat is a concern in contact sports such as wrestling. Hence, hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for unvaccinated contact-sports players.

Reduction in Tumor Stain at 2 Weeks after Treatment Initiation Is a Predictor of the Efficacy of Lenvatinib in Patients with Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Lenvatinib is an oral anticancer drug for patients with unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We evaluated whether a reduction in tumor stain at 2 weeks after lenvatinib treatment in patients with unresectable HCC is a predictor of early treatment efficacy at 12 weeks. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of the 23 patients who initiated lenvatinib treatment between April 2018 and January 2019, treatment efficacy was measured in 15 patients for more than 12 weeks after treatment. Changes in tumor stain, tumor size on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), and serum levels of tumor markers were evaluated 2 weeks after lenvatinib treatment. Therapeutic efficacy was assessed by tumor stain and tumor size by contrast-enhanced CT within the first 12 weeks, according to the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) guidelines. RESULTS: At 12 weeks, efficacy evaluation of 15 patients revealed that 11 of them experienced partial responses, for a response rate of 73.3%. In the first 2 weeks, 13 patients (86.7%) experienced a decreased tumor stain, including 10 responders (90.9%) and 3 non-responders (75.0%). All patients in the non-responder group had required a lenvatinib dose reduction due to adverse events within 12 weeks. On contrast-enhanced CT, the change rate of tumor stain to HCC at 2 weeks after treatment was <0.8 among 10 responders (90.9%) and 1 non-responder (25.0%; p = 0.033). No significant differences between responders and non-responders were observed with regard to most characteristics at baseline and at 2 weeks after treatment initiation. However, significant differences were observed between groups in the presence or absence of a dose suspension period, the presence or absence of lenvatinib dose reduction from the maximum value during the first 2 weeks, and decreased tumor stain at 2 weeks after treatment initiation. CONCLUSION: Reduction in tumor stain at 2 weeks after lenvatinib treatment may be an early biomarker of efficacy at 12 weeks in patients with unresectable HCC.

Exploratory Research on the Relationship between Human Gut Microbiota and Portal Hypertension.

Objective The relationship between gut microbiota and portal hypertension remains unclear. We investigated the characteristics of the gut microbiota in portal hypertension patients with esophago-gastric varices and liver cirrhosis. Methods Thirty-six patients (12 patients with portal hypertension, 12 healthy controls, and 12 non-cirrhosis patients) were enrolled in this university hospital study. Intestinal bacteria and statistical analyses were performed up to the genus level using the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism method targeting 16S ribosomal RNA genes, with diversified regions characterizing each bacterium. Results Levels of Lactobacillales were significantly higher (p=0.045) and those of Clostridium cluster IV significantly lower (p=0.014) in patients with portal hypertension than in other patients. This Clostridium cluster contains many butanoic acid-producing strains, including Ruminococcace and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Clostridium cluster IX levels were also significantly lower (p=0.045) in portal hypertension patients than in other patients. There are many strains of Clostridium that produce propionic acid, and the effects on the host and the function of these bacterial species in the human intestine remain unknown. Regarding the Bifidobacterium genus, which is supposed to decrease as a result of cirrhosis, no significant decrease was observed in this study. Conclusion In the present study, we provided information on the characteristics of the gut microbiota of portal hypertension patients with esophago-gastric varices due to liver cirrhosis. In the future, we aim to develop probiotic treatments following further analyses that include the species level, such as the intestinal flora analysis method and next-generation sequencers.

The Efficacy and Therapeutic Outcome of Bipolar Radiofrequency Ablation for the Treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Real-World Setting, Compared with Monopolar Radiofrequency Ablation Conducted during the Same Period.

BACKGROUND: Several reports have suggested that the bipolar radiofrequency ablation (RFA) system is useful for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We evaluated the efficacy and safety of the bipolar RFA system for HCC treatment in the real-world setting. METHODS: A total of 155 patients with 224 HCC tumors were enrolled. First, we examined the characteristics and outcomes of two RFA systems, monopolar and bipolar. Second, we identified the factors associated with local tumor progression in 72 patients with 104 HCC tumors, who could be followed up for at least 3 months after treatment and had been treated with the bipolar RFA system. RESULTS: Of the baseline characteristics, tumor size and location were associated with the selection of the bipolar RFA system. A sufficient ablative zone margin (≥5 mm) was obtained by bipolar RFA in 81 of 94 (86.1%). The 1- and 2-year local tumor progression rates were 15.6 and 26.3%, respectively. An alpha-fetoprotein-L3 (AFP-L3) ratio >10% (HR: 7.64; 95% CI: 1.7-39.8, p = 0.007) and an insufficient ablative zone margin (<5 mm) (HR: 4.53; 95% CI: 1.02-20.3, p = 0.047) were related to local tumor progression in Cox regression analysis. Although severe adverse events were not observed in most cases, severe hepatic infarction occurred in 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS: The bipolar RFA system is safe and effective for HCC treatment. Tumor localization within the liver is an important factor associated with bipolar RFA. Careful follow-up or reconsideration of treatment is necessary for cases with AFP-L3 ratio >10% or insufficient ablative zone margin (<5 mm), which were associated with local tumor progression.

Unresectable Ectopic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated with Sorafenib.

Ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a rare malignancy, which manifests similar morphology and immunohistochemistry to intrahepatic HCC. Herein, we report a case of ectopic HCC in a 73-year-old male. The patient presented to our hospital with gradually progressing right lower abdominal pain, and enhanced computed tomography revealed multiple nodules in the peritoneum without intrahepatic mass. A diagnostic laparoscopy was performed, and the final pathology result confirmed that it was HCC. Additional laboratory tests showed elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein and protein induced by vitamin K absence-II (PIVKA-II) levels, suggesting our diagnosis. The patient received sorafenib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), for unresectable ectopic HCC. However, the tumor progressed, and because of tarry stools and hemorrhagic anemia, sorafenib was ceased after 7 months of therapy. One month after the cessation of sorafenib, the PIVKA-II level increased abruptly, and the patient died 1 year after diagnosis. The effective treatment for unresectable ectopic HCC is still unknown. Additional cases should be accumulated to determine the effect of TKI on ectopic HCC.

Two Cases of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Arising Over 20 Years after a Sustained Virologic Response Following Interferon Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis C.

The development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after a sustained virologic response (SVR) due to interferon (IFN) therapy for hepatitis C virus infection remains a serious problem. We herein report 2 cases of HCC that developed more than 20 years after SVR with IFN therapy for chronic hepatitis C. The patients were 89- and 72-year-old men with HCC that developed 24-25 years after an SVR with IFN therapy. These patients regularly underwent imaging examinations; therefore, the HCC was detected in the early stage, when it was still curable. Both cases suggest that long-term surveillance after an SVR is effective for the detection of HCC, and radical treatment is possible.

Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation after Receiving Cancer Chemotherapy under Administration of Leuprorelin Acetate.

An 88-year-old man was admitted for elevated liver enzyme levels. Nine years earlier, the patient had been diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and undergone rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride, oncovin, prednisone (R-CHOP) therapy. This patient previously had had a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection before chemotherapy. After the chemotherapy, he was administered an luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist for prostate cancer. We diagnosed him with HBV reactivation because of positive serum HBV-DNA. HBV reactivation can occur a long time after chemotherapy, particularly if another treatment with immunity-altering drugs is added. In such cases, additional surveillance may be required to detect HBV reactivation.

Changes in the Serum Hepcidin-to-ferritin Ratio with Erythroferrone after Hepatitis C Virus Eradication Using Direct-acting Antiviral Agents.

Objective Hepcidin is a master iron regulator hormone produced by the liver, but precise mechanism underlying its involvement in iron overload in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains unclear. We investigated the serum hepcidin levels against iron overload before and after HCV eradication. Methods We prospectively investigated the iron metabolism characteristics in 24 patients with HCV genotype 1b infection before and after treatment. We also assessed the serum erythroferrone (ERFE) levels to investigate its association with iron metabolism changes. Patients were treated with Ledipasvir 90 mg and Sofosbuvir 400 mg once daily for 12 weeks and observed for 12 more weeks in order to evaluate their sustained virological response. Results Serum hepcidin levels at baseline were in the normal range, although serum ferritin levels were increased. After HCV eradication, both serum ferritin and hepcidin levels were significantly decreased at 24 weeks from baseline (p<0.001, p=0.006, respectively). However, the serum hepcidin-to-ferritin ratios were significantly increased (p<0.001). In addition, the serum ERFE levels were significantly decreased (p<0.001). Increases in the serum hepcidin-to-ferritin ratios were correlated with decreases in the serum ERFE levels (ρ=-0.422, p=0.039). Conclusion Serum hepcidin levels were relatively low against ferritin levels in HCV infection. However, after HCV eradication, the serum hepcidin-to-ferritin ratios were increased. These results indicate the improvement of inadequate hepcidin secretion against iron overload after HCV eradication. Downregulation of ERFE may have affected the improvement of iron metabolism.

IL28B gene polymorphism is correlated with changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels after clearance of hepatitis C virus using direct-acting antiviral treatment.

BACKGROUND: Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) rapidly clear hepatitis C virus (HCV), but the lipid dynamics after DAA treatment remain unknown. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterolemia is the predicting factor for the onset and death of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Thus, in this study, we examined the frequency and risk of hyper-LDL cholesterolemia in HCV patients who achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) with DAA treatment. METHODS: A total of 121 patients with HCV genotype 1b, who achieved SVR with DAA treatment, were examined for serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides from the start of treatment until 2 years after SVR (SVR-2y). ΔLDL-C was defined as the change in LDL-C levels from treatment initiation to SVR-2y. Hyper-LDL cholesterolemia was defined as ≥ 140 mg/dL LDL-C at SVR-2y. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to determine whether ΔLDL-C and hyper-LDL cholesterolemia are associated with other factors, including viral kinetics. RESULTS: A total of 63, 3, and 55 patients were administered daclatasvir + asunaprevir, ombitasvir + paritaprevir + ritonavir, and ledipasvir + sofosbuvir, respectively. ΔLDL-C in patients with the IL28B (rs8099917) TG/GG genotype was significantly higher than in those with IL28B TT (27.3 ± 27.0 and 9.6 ± 27.3 mg/dL; P < 0.001). In addition, IL28B TG/GG was an independent risk factor for hyper-LDL cholesterolemia (odds ratio: 8.47; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: An IL28B polymorphism is associated with ΔLDL-C and hyper-LDL cholesterolemia after achieving SVR. Thus, lipid markers should be carefully monitored in patients who achieve SVR with DAA.