ABSTRACT
We report a case of giant macular hole progression after rupture of giant retinal pigment epithelial detachment (PED). The patient was a 91-year-old man who had a giant PED in the left eye. He had bilateral hypermetropia (+2.00 dpt), and he had developed posterior vitreous detachment. The PED was 5,800 µm in diameter and 800 µm in height and ruptured during follow-up. A macular hole was formed, with a diameter of 400 µm, and the height of the PED had reduced to 360 µm. After 5 months, the macular hole expanded up to a diameter of 600 µm. Therefore, some cases of giant PED may lead to macular hole.
ABSTRACT
Various generic transdermal formulations of tulobuterol containing rubber and acrylate base polymers are commercially available in Japan. However, none of the formulations have been compared directly with respect to the skin permeability of tulobuterol and to their follow ability. Tulobuterol Tape Sawai of rubber base and Tulobuterol Tape NP of acrylate base were used to conduct the in vitro 24-hour skin permeability test of tulobuterol at receiver solution temperatures of 32°C, 37°C, and 40°C. Furthermore, the followability of these tapes were examined by measuring the depth of the pores that were formed in their adhesive layer. Consequently, the maximum flux of tulobuterol was greater for Tulobuterol Tape NP. Arrhenius plot analysis revealed that Tulobuterol Tape Sawai was more sensitive to skin surface temperature compared with Tulobuterol Tape NP. Skin abrasion had a greater effect on the skin permeability of tulobuterol in Tulobuterol Tape Sawai than in Tulobuterol Tape NP. Followability was greater for Tulobuterol Tape NP than for Tulobuterol Tape Sawai. These results suggest that a transdermal formulation of acrylate base is preferable to that with a rubber base when skin surface temperature varies or when the skin is abraded. In clinical settings, therefore, a formulation of acrylate base is preferable to a formulation of rubber base when skin surface temperature varies or when the skin is abraded. The formulation needs to be applied to the skin of less asperity for the achievement of better transdermal absorption of tulobuterol.
Subject(s)
Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacokinetics , Skin/metabolism , Terbutaline/analogs & derivatives , Transdermal Patch , Acrylates , Administration, Cutaneous , Adrenergic beta-Agonists/administration & dosage , Animals , Drugs, Generic , In Vitro Techniques , Japan , Male , Mice , Mice, Hairless , Permeability , Polymers , Rubber , Skin Absorption , Terbutaline/administration & dosage , Terbutaline/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To report a case of Alzheimer's disease (AD) following mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHOD: Case report. RESULTS: We report the time course of AD following mild TBI with evidence of AD pathology. A patient complained of minor memory disturbance 6 months after TBI and was diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment 1.5 years after TBI, and she was finally diagnosed as probable AD 4 years after TBI. Amyloid PET revealed brain accumulation of beta-amyloid at a pathological AD level. CONCLUSION: Our case well illustrated how TBI can accelerate the AD process. Clinicians should carefully follow up patients with persistent cognitive impairment after TBI.