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1.
J Exp Biol ; 213(Pt 15): 2647-54, 2010 Aug 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20639426

ABSTRACT

Serotonin (5-HT), an important molecule in metazoans, is involved in a range of biological processes including neurotransmission and neuromodulation. Both its creation and release are tightly regulated, as is its removal. Multiple neurochemical pathways are responsible for the catabolism of 5-HT and are phyla specific; therefore, by elucidating these catabolic pathways we glean greater understanding of the relationships and origins of various transmitter systems. Here, 5-HT catabolic pathways were studied in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Xenoturbella bocki, two organisms occupying distinct positions in deuterostomes. The 5-HT-related compounds detected in these organisms were compared with those reported in other phyla. In S. purpuratus, 5-HT-related metabolites include N-acetyl serotonin, gamma-glutamyl-serotonin and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid; the quantity and type were found to vary based on the specific tissues analyzed. In addition to these compounds, varying levels of tryptamine were also seen. Upon addition of a 5-HT precursor and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, 5-HT itself was detected. In similar experiments using X. bocki tissues, the 5-HT-related compounds found included 5-HT sulfate, gamma-glutamyl-serotonin and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, as well as 5-HT and tryptamine. The sea urchin metabolizes 5-HT in a manner similar to both gastropod mollusks, as evidenced by the detection of gamma-glutamyl-serotonin, and vertebrates, as indicated by the presence of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and N-acetyl serotonin. In contrast, 5-HT metabolism in X. bocki appears more similar to common protostome 5-HT catabolic pathways.


Subject(s)
Echinodermata/metabolism , Serotonin/metabolism , Strongylocentrotus purpuratus/metabolism , 5-Hydroxytryptophan/pharmacology , Animals , Clorgyline/pharmacology , Dihydroxyphenylalanine/pharmacology , Echinodermata/drug effects , Fluorescence , Metabolic Networks and Pathways/drug effects , Organ Specificity/drug effects , Radial Nerve/drug effects , Radial Nerve/metabolism , Serotonin/chemistry , Strongylocentrotus purpuratus/drug effects
2.
J Neurochem ; 103(1): 174-80, 2007 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17877637

ABSTRACT

Serotonin, a well-known neurotransmitter in mammals, has been linked to a number of neurological and gastrointestinal disorders. One of these disorders, serotonin syndrome, is a potentially deadly condition caused by increased levels of serotonin in the extracellular space. Information on the neurochemical effects of serotonin syndrome on serotonin catabolism is lacking, particularly in relation to the enteric system of the gastrointestinal tract. Here the catabolism of serotonin is monitored in rats with pharmacologically induced serotonin syndrome, with the catabolites characterized using a specialized capillary electrophoresis system with laser-induced native fluorescence detection. Animals induced with serotonin syndrome demonstrate striking increases in the levels of serotonin and its metabolites. In the brain, levels of serotonin increased 2- to 3-fold in animals induced with serotonin syndrome. A major serotonin metabolite, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, increased 10- to 100-fold in experimental animals. Similar results were observed in the gastrointestinal tissues; in the small intestines, serotonin levels increased 4- to 5-fold. Concentrations of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid increased 32- to 100-fold in the intestinal tissues of experimental animals. Serotonin sulfate showed surprisingly large increases, marking what may be the first time the compound has been reported in rat intestinal tissues.


Subject(s)
Central Nervous System/metabolism , Enteric Nervous System/metabolism , Serotonin Syndrome/metabolism , Serotonin/metabolism , 5-Hydroxytryptophan/toxicity , Animals , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Brain/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Electrophoresis, Capillary , Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid/metabolism , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Intestine, Small/innervation , Intestine, Small/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Serotonin/analogs & derivatives , Serotonin Syndrome/chemically induced , Syndrome
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