High genetic merit dairy heifers grazing low quality forage had similar weight gain and urinary nitrogen excretion to those of low genetic merit heifers.

Climate variability and increasing drought events have become significant concerns in recent years. However, there is limited published research on body weight (BW) change of dairy heifers with different genetic merit when grazing on drought impacted pastures in southern Australia. Achieving target body weight (BW) is vital for dairy heifers, especially during critical stages like mating and calving. This study aimed to assess dry matter (DM) intake, BW change, urinary nitrogen excretion, and grazing behaviours of high vs. low genetic dairy heifers grazing pasture during a 43-day experimental period in a drought season. Forty-eight Holstein Friesian heifers grazed on ryegrass-dominant pasture and were divided into two groups based on their high and low Balanced Performance Index (HBPI and LBPI, respectively). Each group was further stratified into six plots, with similar BW, resulting in four heifers per replication group. Data from the five measurement days were averaged for individual cows to analyse the dry matter intake, nitrogen intake and nitrogen excretion. The statistical model included the treatment effect of BPI (H and L) and means were analysed using ANOVA. The pasture quality was poor, with metabolizable energy 9.3 MJ/Kg DM and crude protein 5.9% on a DM basis. Nitrogen intake and urinary nitrogen excretion were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in HBPI compared to the LBPI. However, despite these differences, the study did not find any advantages of having HBPI heifer grazing on low quality forage in terms of BW performance.

Enhancing the shelf life of chevon Seekh Kabab using chitosan edible film and Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil.

Chevon Seekh Kabab is a popular meat product of India. However, due to high protein and moisture content it undergoes quick microbial spoilage and oxidative reactions leading to lower shelf life. The combination of chitosan edible film and cinnamon essential oil (CEO) was chosen to remediate this problem because of its antimicrobial and antioxidative effect. Control and chitosan edible film with CEO coated chevon Seekh Kabab samples were stored at 4 °C. The physicochemical (pH, TBARS, TVBN, moisture, colour), microbiological (APC, psychrophilic, coliform and Staphylococcal count) and sensory attributes were evaluated over a 30 days period. The maximum shelf life of 27 days was observed when 2% chitosan edible film with 0.3% CEO was coated over samples. A reduction in moisture, L* value, a* value and sensory scores along with an increase in pH, TVBN, TBARS, b* value and microbiological parameters were observed during the storage period. Reaction kinetics for the physicochemical and microbiological parameters was also established. The physicochemical, microbiological and sensory parameters were within prescribed limits till spoilage in the treated sample. This investigation may aid researchers working on scaling up of processing and preservation of Seekh Kabab.

Vitamin D supplementation and adverse skeletal and non-skeletal outcomes in individuals at increased cardiovascular risk: Results from the International Polycap Study (TIPS)-3 randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Vitamin D has mostly been tested in Western populations. We examined the effect of high dose vitamin D in a population drawn predominantly from outside of Western countries. METHODS AND RESULTS: This randomized trial tested vitamin D 60,000 IU monthly in 5670 participants without vascular disease but at increased CV risk. The primary outcome was fracture. The secondary outcome was the composite of CV death, myocardial infarction stroke, cancer, fracture or fall. Death was a pre-specified outcome. Mean age was 63.9 years, and 3005 (53.0%) were female. 3034 (53.5%) participants resided in South Asia, 1904 (33.6%) in South East Asia, 480 (8.5%) in South America, and 252 (4.4%) in other regions. Mean follow-up was 4.6 years. A fracture occurred in 20 participants (0.2 per 100 person years) assigned to vitamin D, and 19 (0.1 per 100 person years) assigned to placebo (HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.57-1.99, p-value = 0.86). The secondary outcome occurred in 222 participants (1.8 per 100 person years) assigned to vitamin D, and 198 (1.6 per 100 person years) assigned to placebo (HR 1.13, 95% CI 0.93-1.37, p = 0.22). 172 (1.3 per 100 person years) participants assigned to vitamin D died, compared with 135 (1.0 per 100 person years) assigned to placebo (HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.03-1.61, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: In a population predominantly from South Asia, South East Asia and South America, high-dose vitamin D did not reduce adverse skeletal or non-skeletal outcomes. Higher mortality was observed in the vitamin D group. REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01646437.

Measurement of Bone Mineral Density in the Transfusion Dependent Thalassemic Patients.

Low bone mineral density represents as a major cause of morbidity in thalassemic patient. The mechanism depends upon several factors. Transfusion dependent iron over load cause decrease secretion of growth hormone, insulin, thyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone, sex hormone and vitamin D from different endocrine organs which ultimately causes impairment of adequate bone mass achievement. Other causes of low bone mass are iron chelating agent and bony expansion due to increase erythropoiesis. To find out the frequency of low bone mineral density in thalassemia patients who are transfusion dependent. This study was designed as a cross sectional observational study, which was analyzed in the Department of Haematology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka and National Institution of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (NINMAS), Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) from September 2017 to August 2018. It had been performed over total 72 (Age ≥06 years to ≤40 years) thalassaemic patients who are transfusion dependent. Presence of bone diseases was detected by Bone mineral density (BMD). Seventy-two (72) patients with transfusion dependent thalassaemia, aged 6 to 39 years were enrolled. Mean age of patients was 20.9±7.2 years. Among them, 57(79.2%) patients were detected as a normal bone mineral density and fifteen (20.8%) patients were detected as a low bone mineral density in the left femoral neck. In transfusion dependent thalassaemic patient, Low bone mass was significantly associated with low BMI, total number of blood transfusion and serum ferritin level remarkably. This survey has established a new path for early detection of low bone mass and helped in prevention of bone loss and its sequel by starting early treatment in these groups of patients.

Analysis of the frequency of bacteraemia of dental origin implicated in infective endocarditis in patients requiring valve surgery.

Understanding the frequency of bacteraemia of dental origin that is implicated in severe infective endocarditis (IE) will further our understanding of the disease's pathoaetiology and help us take steps to reduce its prevalence. A total of 78 patients from the Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, who had valve surgery due to IE (as confirmed by the Modified Duke Criteria) were included. Case notes were retrospectively reviewed for microorganisms that were implicated in the bacteraemia and IE. Associated factors were also recorded to determine whether they were different if a dental or non-dental pathogen was inoculated. A dental pathogen was implicated in 24 of the patients with IE; 20 had non-dental pathogens, and 30 were culture negative. This was not deemed statistically significant (p=0.54). Of the associated factors, only smoking was statistically significant with a greater proportion of non-smokers having bacteraemia of dental origin (p=0.03). No other associated factor was appreciably different based on the aetiology of the microorganism. Our results indicate that dental pathogens are not more likely to cause severe IE. We therefore advocate the stance adopted by the current national guidance on the judicious prescription of antibiotic prophylaxis for IE with regard to dental procedures.

Jamun fruit (Syzgium cumini) skin extract based indicator for monitoring chicken patties quality during storage.

Natural plant pigment, anthocyanins have the capability to change its color with the change of its structure influenced by changing pH. This feature of anthocyanin has been harnessed to design a meat products quality indicator. In the present experiment anthocyanin rich Jamun fruit (Syzgium cumini) skin extract was used to develop quality indicator by immobilizing on filter paper strips with the purpose of application in chicken patties packets stored at refrigeration temperature (4 ± 1 °C). The indicator changed its color from violet to yellow due to changed pH in it when it was attached inside packet of chicken patties during storage, due to reaction with volatile basic compounds generated from meat. During storage for 21 days, various changes in quality attributes of chicken patties viz., pH, Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), ammonia level, color value, sensory attributes and microbial evaluation were estimated. The pH decreased (P < 0.5) from 6.22 to 6.04. TVBN and ammonia and level increased significantly (P < 0.5) throughout storage. Redness, yellowness, hue and chroma value gradually changed during storage. Sensory scores also decreased significantly (P < 0.5). Microbial count also increased (P < 0.5) during this time. The experiment showed that, during storage, the color changing pattern of quality indicator was well correlated with the changes in quality attributes of chicken meat patties. Therefore, it is expected that the developed quality indicator can provide a convenient, non destructive, visual mean to monitor the meat products quality during refrigerated storage.

Outcome of Single Stage Correction of High Variety of Anorectal Malformation.

The standard treatment of high variety anorectal malformation (ARM) is the staged approach. A growing interest in one stage correction of high variety ARM was noted recently. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility, safety and outcome of single stage correction of High variety ARM. This prospective study was carried out in the Department of Paediatric Surgery, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2012 to September 2013. It was conducted among 30 patients, all having high ARM. The type of ARM was diagnosed by clinical examinations and imaging studies like Invertogram and Transperineal USG. Other associated congenital anomalies were excluded. Out of 30 patients 11(36.67%) were male and 19(63.33%) were female. The age incidence ranges from 2 days to 5 months with the mean±SD age 1.70±1.63 months. The type of fistula present along with ARM in male varies from rectobulber urethral fistula, recto prostatic urethral fistula, recto vesical fistula and in one case without any fistula. Type of fistula was rectovestibular, rectovaginal and one cloacal malformation among the female patients. The treatment modalities in male patients vary in transabdominal pull through anorectoplasty and PSARP, in which the former was done more (72.73%). In case of female patients, treatment modalities vary in transabdominal pull through and anorectoplasty and transfistulous anorectoplasty, with the later done more (52.63%). Regarding post operative complications, there was 1(14.29%) wound infection in male and 1(33.33%) in female, partial wound disruption in 1(14.29%) male patient, mucosal prolapse 2(28.57%) in male and 1(33.33%) in female, anal stenosis 1(14.29%) in male and 1(33.33%) in female, perianal soiling in 1(14.29%) male patient. All the complications were treated by adopting various measures. One stage correction of High variety ARM in both male and female patients is technically feasible. The safeties of this approach depend on the adherence to strict inclusion criteria. The early post operative complications are acceptable and can be managed successfully.

Prevalence and Predictors of Depression among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Multicenter Cross-sectional Study from Bangladesh.

Depression is a common comorbidity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) which adversely affects diabetes management and outcome. Identifying and treating comorbid depression may improve diabetes care. This cross-sectional study was conducted in several tertiary hospitals throughout Bangladesh from July 2017 to April 2018. Nine hundred (900) adult patients with T2DM aging ≥25 years having diabetes for at least 6 months and equal numbers of non-diabetic otherwise healthy controls were recruited from the outpatient departments of these centers. Depression was assessed in all consenting patients and controls by administering the Bangla (local language) version of the PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9); participants obtaining a score of 5 or more were labeled to have depression. Depression was present in 60.3% of T2DM patients and in 29.4% of controls. Statistically significant difference was found in age, marital status, occupation, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP and PHQ-9 score between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects (<0.001). T2DM subjects had 4.71-fold higher odds of depression in comparison to the controls (95% CI: 3.76-5.90; p<0.001). Age ≥50 years, unmarried status, years of schooling ≤10 years, underweight, abdominal obesity, and hypertension appeared to be the significant predictors of depression in the study subjects. In T2DM subjects, diabetes in the family members, the presence of other comorbidities, diabetic complications, diabetes duration >5 years, insulin use, using insulin syringe for injection, albuminuria and CKD were the important predictors of depression. Our study found higher prevalence and risk of depression in T2DM patients than their non-diabetic counterparts. T2DM patients should be screened for depression in order to achieve and maintain the treatment goals.

Detection of Ovarian Tumor by Color Doppler Ultrasonography and CA-125.

Ovarian cancer is the most frequent cause of death from all gynaecological malignancies because of its insidious onset, vague symptoms and late presentation. This cross-sectional study was carried out on purposively selected 43 patients with suspected ovarian tumor in the Department of Radiology and Imaging in collaboration with the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics and Department of Pathology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from January 2015 to December 2016 to assess the diagnostic performance of color Doppler ultrasonography and CA-125 in a combination described as Novel Index in detection of ovarian tumor. Highest number of patients of ovarian tumor 10(23.26%) were in age group 35 to 44 years and 45 to 54 years with a mean of 37.72±15.65 years with a range of 8-70 years. Histopathology findings revealed 19(44.18%) benign tumors and 24(55.82%) malignant tumors. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of Resistance Index (RI) in diagnosis of ovarian tumor were 91.67%, 89.47%, 91.67%, 89.47% and 90.69% respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy of serum CA-125 were 83.33%, 89.47%, 90.90%, 80.95% and 86.04% respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy of Novel index were 95.83%, 89.47%, 92.00%, 94.44% and 93.02% respectively. Novel index showed better diagnostic performance. Based on the current study it is concluded that the combination of color Doppler ultrasonography and serum CA-125 can be useful for diagnosis of ovarian tumor.

Effect of incorporation of calcium lactate on physico-chemical, textural, and sensory properties of restructured buffalo meat loaves.

AIM: The present study was conducted to develop a functional meat product by fortifying calcium (in the form of calcium lactate) with restructured buffalo meat loaf (RBML). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Deboned buffalo meat obtained from the carcass of adult female buffalo within 5-6 h of slaughter and stored under frozen condition. Calcium fortified RBML were prepared by replacing the lean buffalo meat with calcium lactate powder at 0%, 1%, 1.25%, and 1.5% level through the pre-standardized procedure. The developed products were evaluated for physico-chemical properties, proximate composition, calcium concentration (mg/100 g), water activity (aw), Lovibond(®) tintometer color units, texture profile analysis (TPA), and sensory qualities as per-standard procedures. RESULTS: Of the various product quality parameters evaluated, cooking yield (%), product pH, moisture (%), protein (%), fat (%), and water activity (aw) decreases significantly with increasing level of calcium lactate. Calcium content of fortified functional RBMLs was 135.02, 165.73, and 203.85 mg/100 g as compared to 6.48 mg/100 g in control. Most of the sensory scores at 1% and 1.25% levels of calcium lactate in treatment products remained comparable among themselves and control product, with a gradual decline. CONCLUSIONS: The present study concluded that 1.25% calcium lactate was the optimum level for the fortification of calcium in RBML without affecting the textural and sensory properties which could meet out 15% of recommended dietary allowance for calcium.

Spectrum of Salivary Gland Lesions in a Tertiary Level Hospital.

Salivary gland tumors are relatively infrequent and account for less than 2% of all human tumors. This study was conducted to see the prevalence of patterns of non neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of salivary glands in greater Mymensingh. It was a retrospective study carried out in the department of Pathology, Community Based Medical College Bangladesh from January 2010 to December 2012. Heamatoxylin and eosin stained sections were studied in all cases. Total 98 cases of salivary gland lesions were retrieved and evaluated. Out of them 55 cases were female and 43 were male. Mean age of the cases were 42 years. Among the salivary gland lesions non-neoplastic lesions 24.48% and neoplastic lesions 75.51%. Among neoplastic lesions benign tumor comprises 91.89% and malignant tumor comprises 8.10%.

Changes in milk oxidative stress biomarkers in lactating dairy cows with ovulatory and an-ovulatory oestrous cycles.

This study was conducted to evaluate changes in milk profiles of oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers in dairy cows with ovulatory and an-ovulatory oestrous cycles. Thirty healthy, cycling Holstein cows averaging 60±17 days in milk, and producing 33±6kg of milk per day (the week before commencing the study) were enrolled in this study. Composite milk samples were collected thrice weekly and assayed for the following OS biomarkers: lipoperoxides (LPO), biological advanced potential, superoxide dismutase (SOD), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), ceruloplasmin, glutathione (GSH), ß-carotene and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Milk samples were also tested for fat and protein composition and the fat:protein ratio (FPR) was categorized as low (≤1.31), medium (1.32-1.56) and high (>1.57) to evaluate their main effect and the interaction effect of FPR and the week of study on OS using linear mixed models with cow identification being a random factor. Cows with ovulatory oestrous cycles (n=20) presented significantly greater SOD levels than cows that did not ovulate ((n=10; P<0.05). On the other hand, LPO, GSH-Px and GSH concentrations were lower in ovulated cows compared to the an-ovulated cows (P<0.05). The highest level of LPO and AOPP were noted at prooestrus phase while ß-carotene presented the lowest value at that phase of oestrous cycle. It could be postulated that the elevated level of milk SOD and the observed lower level of LPO, GSH-Px and GSH in ovulating cows may be an essential event preceding the ovulatory response.

Urinary tract anomalies in patients with anorectal malformation.

Urinary tract anomalies are common associated anomalies in anorectal malformation (ARM) and major contributory factor for high morbidity and mortality in ARM. In this study, urinary tract anomalies were evaluated in 72 patients of ARM (43 high varieties & 29 low varieties) that were admitted in Dhaka Medical College & Hospital (DMCH) during the period of January 2007 to April 2008. In all cases, evaluation was done by ultrasonogram (USG) and voiding cysto-urethrography (VCUG). Intravenous urography (IVU) was done in selected cases. Urinary tract anomalies were found in 20(27.85%) cases of ARM patients. These anomalies were significantly higher 16(37.2%) in high variety of ARM than 4(13.8%) those with low variety of ARM. The pattern of urological anomalies were vesicoureteral reflux (VUR - 35%), hydronephrosis due to PUJ obstruction (25%), posterior urethral valve (PUV - 15%), renal agenesis (10%), duplex ureter (10%) and bladder diverticulum (5%). Before definite management of ARM urological evaluation is essential to prevent renal damage and to reduce the morbidity and mortality.

Utilization of gum tragacanth as bind enhancing agent in extended restructured mutton chops.

Use of extenders in meat products is not only health promoting but can also increase the economic worth of the products. Extension of the meat product is generally associated with poor binding and texture. Thus, the present study was envisaged to solve this problem by the incorporation of gum tragacanth (GT) as bind enhancing agent, used at three different levels viz., 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 % in a pre standardized formulation of extended restructured mutton chops (ERMC), by replacing the lean meat. The products were subjected to analysis for physico-chemical, sensory and textural properties. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in any of the physicochemical property parameters of product incorporated with different levels of GT except fat percent and shear force value. Mean scores for binding, texture and overall acceptability of ERMC incorporated with 0.1 % GT recorded significantly higher value (P < 0.05) than control and other treatment products. On the basis of sensory scores and physico-chemical properties, the optimum incorporation level of GT was adjudged as 0.1 %. Hardness and adhesiveness values were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in product with 0.1 % GT level. The product with optimum level of GT was also assessed for water activity (aw) and microbiological characteristics. It was found that treatment as well as control products were quite acceptable up to 15th day of storage period without any marked differences in sensory quality.

De Novo Assembly and Characterization of Tall Fescue Transcriptome under Water Stress.

Water stress is a fundamental problem for tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.] cultivation in the south-central United States. Genetic improvement of tall fescue for water-stress tolerance is the key strategy for improving its persistence in the region. Genotypes with contrasting characteristics for relative water content and osmotic potential were identified from a tall fescue population. Transcriptome profiling between water-stress-tolerant (B400) and water-stress-susceptible (W279) genotypes was performed to unravel the genetic regulatory mechanism of water-stress responses in tall fescue. RNA samples from leaf, shoot, root, and inflorescence were pooled and sequenced through Illumina paired-end sequencing. A total of 199,399 contigs were assembled with an average length of 585 bp. Between the two genotypes, 2986 reference transcripts (RTs) were significantly differentially expressed and 1048 of them could be annotated and found to associate with metabolic pathways and enzyme coding genes. In total, 175 differentially expressed RTs were reported for various stress-related functions. Among those, 65 encoded kinase proteins, 40 each encoded transposons, and transporter proteins were previously reported to be involved with abiotic stress responses. A total of 6348 simple sequence repeats and 6658 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the contig sequences. Primers were developed from the corresponding sequences, which might be used as candidate gene markers in tall fescue. This study will lead to identification of genes or transcription factors related to water-stress tolerance and development of a comprehensive molecular marker system to facilitate marker-assisted breeding in tall fescue.

Evaluation of infrared thermography body temperature and collar-mounted accelerometer and acoustic technology for predicting time of ovulation of cows in a pasture-based system.

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the specificity of infrared thermography (IRT) in detecting cows about to ovulate could be improved using different body parts that are less likely to be contaminated by fecal matter. In addition, the combined activity and rumination data captured by accelerometers were evaluated to provide a more accurate indication of ovulation than the activity and rumination data alone. Thermal images of 30 cows were captured for different body areas (eye, ear, muzzle, and vulva) twice daily after AM and PM milking sessions during the entire experimental period. Milk progesterone data and insemination records were used to determine the date of ovulation. Cows were fitted with SCR heat and rumination long-distance tags (SCR HR LD) for 1 month. Activity- and rumination-based estrus alerts were initially identified using default threshold values set by the manufacturer; however, a range of thresholds was also created and tested for both activity and rumination to determine the potential for higher levels of accuracy of ovulation detection. Visual assessment of mounting indicators resulted in 75% sensitivity (Se), 100% specificity (Sp), and 100% positive predictive value (PPV). Overall, IRT showed poor performance for detecting cows about to ovulate. Vulval temperature resulted in the greatest (80%) Sp but the poorest (21%) Se compared with the IRT temperatures of other body areas. The SCR HR LD tags default threshold value resulted in 78% Se, 57% Sp, and 70% PPV. Lowering the activity threshold from the default value improved the sensitivity but created a large number of false positives, which resulted in a decrease in specificity. Lowering the activity threshold to 20 resulted in a detection performance of 80% Se, 94% Sp, and 67% PPV, whereas the rumination levels achieved 35% Se, 69% Sp, and 14% PPV. The area under the curve for the activity level, rumination level, and the combined measures of activity and rumination levels were 0.82, 0.54, and 0.75, respectively. Alerts generated by SCR HR LD tags based on a lower activity threshold level had high sensitivity and may be able to detect a high proportion of cows in ovulatory periods in pasture-based system; however, the specificities and positive predictive value were lower than the visual assessment of mounting indicators.

Rumination and activity levels as predictors of calving for dairy cows.

The Australian dairy herd size has doubled over the last 20 years substantially increasing the time that farmers require for individual animal attention to monitor and intervene with events such as calving. Technology will help focus this limited labour resource on individual cows that require assistance. The objective of this experiment was to first determine the profiles of rumination duration and level of activity as determined by sensors between, and within, days around calving and second to use these data to predict the day of calving for pasture-based dairy cows. After 2 weeks from the expected calving date, 27 cows were fitted with SCR HR LD Tags, located in 40×90 m2 paddock and offered ad libitum oaten hay and 2 kg grain-based concentrate/cow per day until calving. Hourly activity and rumination data for each cow, as determined by the SCR tags, were fitted with linear mixed models and all parameters were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood. Rumination duration decreased by 33% over the day prior and the day of calving, with the decline in rumination duration starting the day prepartum. Activity levels were maintained prepartum but increased in the days postpartum. The day of calving was recorded and used to determine the gold standard positive (the day before calving) and negative (all other) dates. A threshold rumination level of 0.9 (decline in rumination duration of 10%) gave the optimal combination of 70% sensitivity and 70% specificity. This experiment shows the potential to use rumination duration to predict the day of calving and the opportunity to use sensor data to monitor animal health.

Meat analog: a review.

The health-conscious consumers are in search of nutritious and convenient food item which can be best suited in their busy life. The vegetarianism is the key for the search of such food which resembles the meat in respect of nutrition and sensory characters, but not of animal origin and contains vegetable or its modified form, this is the point when meat analog evolved out and gets shape. The consumers gets full satisfaction by consumption of meat analog due to its typical meaty texture, appearance and the flavor which are being imparted during the skilled production of meat analog. The supplement of protein in vegetarian diet through meat alike food can be fulfilled by incorporating protein-rich vegetative food grade materials in meat analog and by adopting proper technological process which can promote the proper fabrication of meat analog with acceptable meat like texture, appearance, flavor, etc. The easily available vegetables, cereals, and pulses in India have great advantages and prospects to be used in food products and it can improve the nutritional and functional characters of the food items. The various form and functional characters of food items are available world over and attracts the meat technologists and the food processors to bring some innovativeness in meat analog and its presentation and marketability so that the acceptability of meat analog can be overgrown by the consumers.

Plasma oxidative stress biomarkers and progesterone profiles in a dairy cow diagnosed with an ovarian follicular cyst.

This study was conducted to examine the oxidative stress biomarkers in a cow diagnosed with a follicular cyst in her left ovary. Progesterone (P4) and plasma oxidative stress status was measured in 13 Holstein cows after synchronization of oestrus with controlled internal drug release (CIDR) and prostaglandinF2α (PGF2α) protocol. The presence and size of ovarian structures were monitored by transrectal ultrasound at 4 hourly intervals. Of the 13 cows, 12 were monitored until ovulation was detected and recorded, whereas one cow failed to ovulate and developed a follicular cyst. Oxidative stress biomarkers; reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), biological antioxidant potential (BAP), oxidative stress index (OSI), glutathione (GSH), ceruloplasmin and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) were measured in the cystic cow and compared to those of the 12 ovulated cows and are referred to as higher or lower if they are outside the mean ± standard error of mean of those of ovulated cows. The cystic cow had lower ROMs and OSI between 36 and 84 h after PGF2α injection and at 9 h, from 36 to 60 h after PGF2α injection respectively. On the other hand, antioxidant (BAP and GSH) was higher in the cystic cow compared to her ovulated herd mates. The observed imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant might have disrupted the physiological events for ovulation to occur, leading to cystic ovarian disease.