Surgical Outcome Analysis of Pneumovesicoscopic Ureteral Reimplantation and Endoscopic Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Injection for Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children: A Multicenter 12-Year Review.

OBJECTIVE: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common condition associated with childhood urinary tract infection (UTI), which may lead to chronic renal failure and hypertension. Different antireflux approaches were advocated with differences in morbidity and success. The aim of this study is to review and analyze the surgical outcomes of pneumovesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation and endoscopic injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid (Dx/HA) in three tertiary centers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 215 patients (159 boys and 56 girls) for a total of 323 ureters underwent surgical interventions for primary VUR from February 2002 to August 2014 were reviewed. Data on baseline demographics, preoperative symptoms, radiological imaging studies, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. VUR resolution was defined as when no VUR was detected by micturating cystourethrogram at 3 months or later after the intervention. Independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher's Exact test, and Chi-Square test were used for different parameters. All results with P value ≤.05 were regarded as statistically significant. RESULTS: The mean age at operation was 3.33 and 4.63 for reimplantation and Dx/HA injection respectively. A total of 234 ureters underwent Dx/HA injection and 92 ureters underwent pneumovesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation with mean preoperative VUR grading of 3.1 and 4.2 respectively (P = .0001). The overall VUR downgrading and resolution rates were both significantly higher in reimplantation than Dx/HA injection (97.8% versus 78.6% P = .0001 and 84.3% versus 65% P = .0011). Further subgroup analyses across the different VUR gradings showed higher downgrading and resolution rates in reimplantation group than Dx/HA injection for grade 4 (100% versus 81% P = .0147 and 82.4% versus 63% P = .0411) and grade 5 VUR (97.3% versus 50% P = .0022 and 81.6% versus 40% P = .0256). Dx/HA injection was associated with shorter operation time (41.5 minutes versus 147.5 minutes, P < .001), less postoperative analgesic usage (P = .049), and shorter hospital stay (1.06 days versus 4.44 days P < .0001). No major complications were identified in both groups. The mean follow-up time was significantly longer in reimplantation group than Dx/HA group (57.25 months versus 37.85 months, P = .002). There was no significant difference in the rate of subsequent UTI development during follow-up (P = .8). CONCLUSIONS: Both Dx/HA injection and pneumovesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation are safe and effective treatments for VUR. Reimplantation is associated with significantly higher VUR downgrading and resolution rates than Dx/HA injection especially in the higher grade VUR while Dx/HA injection has significantly shorter operation time, lower postoperative analgesic usage, and shorter hospital stay. Dx/HA injection can be considered as the first line surgical treatment especially for lower grade VUR. Pneumovesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation can be used for higher grade reflux or those who failed Dx/HA treatments.

Controlled-release phentermine/topiramate in severely obese adults: a randomized controlled trial (EQUIP).

A 56-week randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate safety and efficacy of a controlled-release combination of phentermine and topiramate (PHEN/TPM CR) for weight loss (WL) and metabolic improvements. Men and women with class II and III obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m(2)) were randomized to placebo, PHEN/TPM CR 3.75/23 mg, or PHEN/TPM CR 15/92 mg, added to a reduced-energy diet. Primary end points were percent WL and proportions of patients achieving 5% WL. Secondary end points included waist circumference (WC), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), fasting glucose, and lipid measures. In the primary analysis (randomized patients with at least one postbaseline weight measurement who took at least one dose of assigned drug or placebo), patients in the placebo, 3.75/23, and 15/92 groups lost 1.6%, 5.1%, and 10.9% of baseline body weight (BW), respectively, at 56 weeks (P < 0.0001). In categorical analysis, 17.3% of placebo patients, 44.9% of 3.75/23 patients, and 66.7% of 15/92 patients, lost at least 5% of baseline BW at 56 weeks (P < 0.0001). The 15/92 group had significantly greater changes relative to placebo for WC, systolic and diastolic BP, fasting glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The most common adverse events were paresthesia, dry mouth, constipation, dysgeusia, and insomnia. Dropout rate from the study was 47.1% for placebo patients, 39.0% for 3.75/23 patients, and 33.6% of 15/92 patients. PHEN/TPM CR demonstrated dose-dependent effects on weight and metabolic variables in the direction expected to be beneficial with no evidence of serious adverse events induced by treatment.

Effectiveness of an individualized functional training program on affective disturbances and functional skills in mild and moderate dementia--a randomized control trial.

OBJECTIVES: We reported the findings of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to examine the effects of an individualized functional enhancement program (FEP) on functional skills and mood symptoms in mild and moderate dementia. SUBJECTS & METHODS: 74 Chinese older persons with dementia were recruited into a skills training program by occupational therapists (OT). Thirty seven subjects were trained with an individualized selection of daily activities (FEP Intervention, I); 37 were trained with general occupational therapy (Control, C). The FEP comprised of twice weekly group sessions of skills training and problem solving using cognitive behavioral approach. RESULTS: At 1 month after completion of program, both I and C subjects showed an improvement in process skills of the assessment of motor and process skills (AMPS)(paired t-tests, p < 0.05). At 4 months post-program, the I group showed a further reduction of cornell scale for depression in dementia (CSDD) scores (paired t-test, p = 0.02); Apathy improved at 1 month post-training (p = 0.04), but deteriorated at 4 months (p = 0.01). Group differences in changes of mood and functional scores were not significant (ANVOCA, p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggested a potential benefit for individualized occupational therapy. It should be tailor made with individual needs and continued for sustained effectiveness.

Cross-cultural validation of the St. Louis Inventory of Community Living Skills for Chinese patients with schizophrenia in Hong Kong.

AIM: The study validated a culturally sensitive community living skills rating scale for Chinese patients by adapting the St. Louis Inventory of Community Living Skills (SLICLS). METHOD: The Chinese version (SLICLS-C) was produced by forward and backward translation. An expert panel evaluated its content validity. Its internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, construct and concurrent validity were tested on 80 DSM-IV schizophrenia inpatients in a long-term facility. For predictive validity, the above sample was extended to ensure at least 20 subjects discharged to each of three levels of community care were included in the study sample. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The SLICLS-C was psychometrically sound and could be used for predicting level of community care, program evaluation and measuring outcome.

Changes in physical fitness parameters during a competitive field hockey season.

Competitive field hockey requires a substantial amount of muscular strength, speed, and cardiovascular endurance. It is unknown how these parameters of physical fitness change between preseason conditioning to postseason recovery. Therefore, Division III female field hockey athletes (n = 13) completed tests of muscular strength, body composition, and maximal oxygen uptake (Vo(2)max) during each phase of their season. Muscular strength was assessed using 1 repetition maximum (RM) leg and bench press tests. Body composition was assessed by anthropometry (skinfolds [SKF]), circumferences ([CC]), and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Incremental treadmill testing was administered to assess Vo(2)max. Vo(2)max was unchanged during the season, although a trend (p > 0.05) was shown for a higher Vo(2)max during and after the season vs. before the season. Upper- (10%) and lower-body strength (14%) decreased (p > 0.05) during the season. Percent body fat (%BF) from BIA, fat mass (FM) from CC, and body mass index (BMI) were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in-season and postseason vs. preseason. In conclusion, preseason training was effective in decreasing %BF and increasing Vo(2)max, yet muscular strength was lost. Coaches should incorporate more rigorous in-season resistance training to prevent strength decrements. Moreover, these data support the superior levels of muscular strength and leanness in these athletes compared with age-matched peers.