Amylose-grafted Curdlan: A New Class of Semi-artificial Branched Polysaccharides for Hierarchical Polymeric Superstructures Created by the Action of "Orthogonal" Binding Sites.

The semi-artificial branched-polysaccharides, amylose-grafted curdlans, were synthesized utilizing an enzymatic polymerization. Both a curdlan main chain and amylose side chains on the polysaccharides maintain the original helical structure as well as the molecular binding ability. Thanks to the difference in their molecular recognition properties between ß-1,3-glucan chain and α-1,4-glucan chain, the amylose-grafted curdlans can provide two different orthogonal binding sites within one polymeric system. When a water-soluble polythiophene was mixed with the amylose-grafted curdlan, the polythiophene was twisted in two different modes and therein, fluorescence energy of the polythiophene wrapped by the amylose side chains was successfully transferred to the polythiophene wrapped by the curdlan main chain. We thus concluded that in the dendritic superstructure of this polysaccharide, a self-organized "Janus-type FRET system" was successfully constructed.

Supramolecular assembly of achiral alkynylplatinum(II) complexes and carboxylic ß-1,3-glucan into different helical handedness stabilized by Pt⋠⋠⋠Pt and/or π-π interactions.

Two-component ensembles of alkynylplatinum(II) terpyridine (tpy) complexes and carboxylic ß-1,3-glucan (CurCOOH) have been investigated by using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, as well as time-dependent UV/Vis absorption and circular dichroism (CD) experiments. Microscopic images of [Pt(tpy){C≡CC6 H4 (CH2 NMe3 -4)}](OTf)2 (1) have revealed spherical nanostructures, whereas helical fibrous structures of different lengths, depending on the concentration of complex 1 and CurCOOH, were observed. The helical assemblies have been found to show low-energy metal-metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MMLCT) absorption and triplet MMLCT ((3) MMLCT) emission, which are indicative of Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt and/or π-π interactions between the complex 1 molecules. Interestingly, the ensemble has been demonstrated to show different handedness and even a change in handedness over time under different experimental conditions. Low temperatures, low concentrations of CurCOOH, high concentrations of complex 1, or successive addition of CurCOOH into complex 1 solution favor the formation of right-handed helical assemblies, whereas high temperatures, high concentrations of CurCOOH, low concentrations of complex 1, or single-batch addition of CurCOOH into complex 1 solution result in a fast chiroptical inversion of the ensemble solution, giving rise to the left-handed helical assemblies as the dominant species. The results have been rationalized by considering the competing kinetically and thermodynamically controlled assembly-elongation of the ensemble, which leads to the formation of right-handed and left-handed helical assemblies, respectively. The change in the handedness of the ensemble has been demonstrated to stem from the formation of two-component assemblies with supramolecular interactions, in contrast to the template- induced chiral amplification commonly observed in other systems.

Giant amino acids designed on the polysaccharide scaffold and their protein-like structural interconversion.

Amphoteric ß-1,3-glucans possessing both amino groups and carboxylic acid groups on the C6 positions of glucose units were designed and synthesized from naturally produced curdlan. The amphoteric polysaccharides showed the isoelectric point and the pH responsive interconversion between the original triple helix and single-stranded random structures. Since the pH dependences are comparable to the typical properties of proteins, the polysaccharides can be considered as a new class of giant amino acids. Utilizing the pH responsiveness, pH-controlled catch-and-release has been realized for cationic peptides or anionic DNA. We believe that the amphoteric polysaccharide can act as a new potential polymer to construct stimuli-responsive smart materials on the basis of the polysaccharide scaffold.

Creation of circularly polarized luminescence from an achiral polyfluorene derivative through complexation with helix-forming polysaccharides: importance of the meta-linkage chain for helix formation.

A circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) material has been created by polymer-polymer complexation between a helix-forming polysaccharide, schizophyllan (SPG), and a meta-phenylene-linked polyfluorene derivative (mPFS). Computational modeling revealed that mPFS can adopt a helical structure although a conventional polyfluorene derivative with a para-phenylene linkage tends to enjoy a rigid rodlike conformation. Our detailed experimental examination showed that mPFS forms a chiral nanowire complex through cohelix formation with SPG. We have found, as expected, that this cohelical complex emits highly efficient CPL even in an aqueous solution. The appearance of the high CPL property is due to 1) a high quantum yield of the fluorene unit and 2) immobilization of the helically twisted conformation of mPFS in an isolated manner through cohelix formation with SPG. One can propose, therefore, that the SPG/mPFS complex acts as a new high-performance CPL material with a solvent-dispersible nanowire structure.

Lack of phospholipase A2 receptor increases susceptibility to cardiac rupture after myocardial infarction.

RATIONALE: Recent evidence indicates that the biological effects of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) cannot be fully explained by its catalytic activity. A cell surface receptor for sPLA2 (PLA2 receptor 1 [PLA2R]) and its high-affinity ligands (including sPLA2-IB, sPLA2-IIE, and sPLA2-X) are expressed in the infarcted myocardium. OBJECTIVE: This study asked whether PLA2R might play a pathogenic role in myocardial infarction (MI) using mice lacking PLA2R (PLA2R(-/-)). METHODS AND RESULTS: MI was induced by permanent ligation of the left coronary artery. PLA2R(-/-) mice exhibited higher rates of cardiac rupture after MI compared with PLA2R wild-type (PLA2R(+/+)) mice (46% versus 21%, respectively; P=0.015). PLA2R(-/-) mice had a 31% decrease in collagen content and a 45% decrease in the number of α-smooth muscle actin-positive fibroblasts in the infarcted region compared with PLA2R(+/+) mice. PLA2R was primarily found in myofibroblasts in the infarcted region. PLA2R(-/-) myofibroblasts were impaired in collagen-dependent migration, proliferation, and activation of focal adhesion kinase in response to sPLA2-IB. Binding of sPLA2-IB to PLA2R promoted migration and proliferation of myofibroblasts through functional interaction with integrin ß1, independent of the catalytic activity of sPLA2-IB. In rescue experiments, the injection of PLA2R(+/+) myofibroblasts into the infarcted myocardium prevented post-MI cardiac rupture and reversed the decrease in collagen content in the infarcted region in PLA2R(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS: PLA2R deficiency increased the susceptibility to post-MI cardiac rupture through impaired healing of the infarcted region. This might be partly explained by a reduction in integrin ß1-mediated migratory and proliferative responses of PLA2R(-/-) myofibroblasts.

Deficiency of phospholipase A2 receptor exacerbates ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation.

Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) plays a critical role in the genesis of lung inflammation through proinflammatory eicosanoids. A previous in vitro experiment showed a possible role of cell surface receptor for sPLA2 (PLA2R) in the clearance of extracellular sPLA2. PLA2R and groups IB and X sPLA2 are expressed in the lung. This study examined a pathogenic role of PLA2R in airway inflammation using PLA2R-deficient (PLA2R(-/-)) mice. Airway inflammation was induced by immunosensitization with OVA. Compared with wild-type (PLA2R(+/+)) mice, PLA2R(-/-) mice had a significantly greater infiltration of inflammatory cells around the airways, higher levels of groups IB and X sPLA2, eicosanoids, and Th2 cytokines, and higher numbers of eosinophils and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after OVA treatment. In PLA2R(-/-) mice, intratracheally instilled [(125)I]-labeled sPLA2-IB was cleared much more slowly from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared with PLA2R(+/+) mice. The degradation of the instilled [(125)I]-labeled sPLA2-IB, as assessed by trichloroacetic acid-soluble radioactivity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after instillation, was lower in PLA2R(-/-) mice than in PLA2R(+/+) mice. In conclusion, PLA2R deficiency increased sPLA2-IB and -X levels in the lung through their impaired clearance from the lung, leading to exaggeration of lung inflammation induced by OVA treatment in a murine model.

Disruption of group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A(2) attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury partly through inhibition of TNF-α-mediated pathway.

Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)α), which preferentially cleaves arachidonic acid from phospholipids, plays a role in apoptosis and tissue injury. Downstream signals in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a mediator of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, involve cPLA(2)α activation. This study examined the potential role of cPLA(2)α and its mechanistic link with TNF-α in myocardial I/R injury using cPLA(2)α knockout (cPLA(2)α(-/-)) mice. Myocardial I/R was created with 10-wk-old male mice by 1 h ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. As a result, compared with wild-type (cPLA(2)α(+/+)) mice, cPLA(2)α(-/-) mice had a 47% decrease in myocardial infarct size, preservation of echocardiographic left ventricle (LV) function (%fractional shortening: 14 vs. 21%, respectively), and lower content of leukotriene B(4) and thromboxane B(2) (62 and 50% lower, respectively) in the ischemic myocardium after I/R. Treatment with the TNF-α inhibitor (soluble TNF receptor II/IgG1 Fc fusion protein, sTNFR:Fc) decreased myocardial I/R injury and LV dysfunction in cPLA(2)α(+/+) mice but not cPLA(2)α(-/-) mice. sTNFR:Fc also suppressed cPLA(2)α phosphorylation in the ischemic myocardium after I/R of cPLA(2)α(+/+) mice. Similarly, sTNFR:Fc exerted protective effects against hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R)-induced injury in the cultured cardiomyocytes from cPLA(2)α(+/+) mice but not cPLA(2)α(-/-) cardiomyocytes. H/R and TNF-α induced cPLA(2)α phosphorylation in cPLA(2)α(+/+) cardiomyocytes, which was reversible by sTNFR:Fc. In cPLA(2)α(-/-) cardiomyocytes, TNF-α induced apoptosis and release of arachidonic acid to a lesser extent than in cPLA(2)α(+/+) cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, disruption of cPLA(2)α attenuates myocardial I/R injury partly through inhibition of TNF-α-mediated pathways.

Creation of chiral thixotropic gels through a crown-ammonium interaction and their application to a memory-erasing recycle system.

A unique class of oligothiophene-based organogelator bearing two crown ethers at both ends was synthesized. This compound could gelatinize several organic solvents, forming one-dimensional fibrous aggregates. From the observation of circular dichroism, it was confirmed that the helical handedness of the fibrous assembly is controllable by the chirality of 1,2-bisammonium guests, thus suggesting that one guest molecule bridges two gelator molecules through the crown-ammonium interaction. Interestingly, we have found that such chirality is created by thermal gelation, whereas it disappears by thixotropic gelation. The new finding implies that the present organogel system is applicable as a reversible switching memory device, featuring memory creation by a heat mode and memory erasing by a mechanical mode.

Group X secretory PLA2 in neutrophils plays a pathogenic role in abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice.

Group X secretory PLA(2) (sPLA(2)-X) is expressed in neutrophils and plays a role in the pathogenesis of neutrophil-mediated tissue inflammation and injury. This study tested the hypothesis that sPLA(2)-X in neutrophils may contribute to the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) using sPLA(2)-X(-/-) mice. AAA was created by application of CaCl(2) to external surface of aorta. As a result, the aortas of sPLA(2)-X(-/-) mice had smaller diameters (percent increase from baseline; 24.8 ± 3.5% vs. 49.9 ± 9.1%, respectively; P < 0.01), a reduced grade of elastin degradation, and lower activities of elastase and gelatinase (26% and 19% lower, respectively) after CaCl(2) treatment compared with sPLA(2)-X(+/+) mice. In sPLA(2)-X(+/+) mice, immunofluorescence microscopic images showed that the immunoreactivity of sPLA(2)-X was detected only in neutrophils within aortic walls 3 days, 1, 2, and 6 wk after CaCl(2) treatment, whereas the immunoreactivity was not detected in macrophages or mast cells in aortic walls. sPLA(2)-X immunoreactivity also was colocalized in cells expressing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Neutrophils isolated from sPLA(2)-X(-/-) mice had lower activities of elastase, gelatinase, and MMP-9 in response to stimuli compared with sPLA(2)-X(+/+) mice. The attenuated release of elastase and gelatinase from sPLA(2)-X(-/-) neutrophils was reversed by exogenous addition of mouse sPLA(2)-X protein. The adoptive transfer of sPLA(2)-X(+/+) neutrophils days 0 and 3 after CaCl(2) treatment reversed aortic diameters and elastin degradation grades in the lethally irradiated sPLA(2)-X(+/+) mice reconstituted with sPLA(2)-X(-/-) bone marrow to an extent similar to that seen in sPLA(2)-X(+/+) mice. In conclusion, sPLA(2)-X in neutrophils plays a pathogenic role in AAA in a mice model.

Predictive value of serial assessment of endothelial function in chronic heart failure.

BACKGROUND: It remains undefined whether reversibility of endothelial dysfunction after optimized therapies for heart failure (HF) provides prognostic information in patients with HF. This study examined whether changes in endothelial vasomotor function after therapies for HF may predict future outcomes in patients with stable HF. METHODS: This study included 245 patients with stable chronic ischemic HF and an impaired flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery (FMD <5.5%). Measurement of FMD was repeated after 6 months for individualized and optimized therapy for HF and atherosclerotic risk factors. Patients were followed for 36 months or until the occurrence of cardiac death or hospitalization with decompensated HF. RESULTS: FMD was persistently impaired (<5.5%) in 130 (53%) patients after 6 months of the optimized therapy, whereas it improved (FMD ≥5.5%) in the remaining 115 (47%) patients. During follow-up, an event occurred in 26 (20%) patients with persistently impaired FMD and in 7 (6%) patients with improved FMD (p<0.01). Multivariate Cox hazards analysis showed that persistent impairment of FMD was an independent predictor of cardiac events (hazard ratio 3.0, 95% CI 1.3-6.9, p=0.013). Persistently impaired FMD had a significantly incremental effect on the predictability of brain natriuretic peptide levels for cardiac events. Baseline FMD before the therapy for HF and atherosclerotic risk factors had no significant prognostic information. CONCLUSIONS: Persistent endothelial vasomotor dysfunction despite therapies for HF and atherosclerotic risk factors was a predictor of cardiac events in patients with chronic ischemic HF.

Heat and light dual switching of a single-walled carbon nanotube/thermo-responsive helical polysaccharide complex: a new responsive system applicable to photodynamic therapy.

A thermo- and light-responsive system consisting of single-walled carbon nanotube and helical polysaccharide modified with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) side-chains has been developed through supramolecular polymer wrapping. Coagulation of the complex can be induced by the external stimuli, which leads to a catch-and-release action of a porphyrin derivative.

A pH-responsive carboxylic ß-1,3-glucan polysaccharide for complexation with polymeric guests.

The helix-forming nature of ß-1,3-glucan polysaccharides is a characteristic that has potential for producing gene carriers, bio-nanomaterials and other chiral nanowires. Herein, carboxylic curdlan (CurCOOH) bearing the ß-1,3-polyglucuronic acid structure was successfully prepared from ß-1,3-glucan polysaccharide curdlan (Cur) by one-step oxidation using a 4-acetamido-TEMPO/NaClO/NaClO(2) system as the oxidant. The resulting high-molecular-weight CurCOOH was proved to bear the 6-COOH group in 100% purity. The optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) spectra indicated that the obtained CurCOOH behaves as a water-soluble single-strand in various pH aqueous media. This advantage has allowed us to use CurCOOH as a polymeric host to form various macromolecular complexes. For example, complexation of CurCOOH with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) resulted in a water-soluble one-dimensional architecture, which formed a dispersion in aqueous solution that was stable for several months, and much more stable than SWNTs complexes of the similar negatively-charged polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polymethacrylic acid (PMAA). It was shown that in the complex, SWNTs are effectively wrapped by a small amount of CurCOOH, enabling them to avoid electrostatic repulsion. This pH-responsive CurCOOH formed a very stable complex with cationic water-soluble polythiophenes (PT-1), which was stabilized not only by the hydrophobic interaction but also by the electrostatic attraction between trimethylammonium cations in PT-1 and dissociated anionic COO(-) groups in CurCOOH. The included PT-1 became CD-active only in the neutral to basic pH region, and the positive Cotton effect suggested that the conjugated main chain is twisted in the right-handed direction. We also found that CurCOOH can interact with polycytidylic acid (poly(C)) only under high NaCl concentrations, the binding and release of which could be controlled by a change in the salt concentration. We believe, therefore, that CurCOOH bearing a dissociable COOH group can act as a new potential polymeric host to construct novel polymeric complexes applicable for gene carriers, biosensors, chiral polymer assemblies, etc.

New strategy for controlling the oligothiophene aggregation mode utilizing the gel-to-sol phase transition induced by crown-alkali metal interactions.

A new functional low molecular-weight gelator (LMWG) based on crown-appended quaterthiophene was synthesized and investigated as a new alkali metal cation responsive material with enhanced fluorescence emission upon gel-to-sol phase transition.

What kind of "soft materials" can we design from molecular gels?

Since their discovery, over the years, molecular gels have been constantly drawing the attention of chemists from various scientific fields. Their structural softness together with the orderliness at the molecular level provides such molecules immense potential for the amplification of their properties. Using this chemistry, one can easily realize a macroscopic outcome from a molecular level modulation. This phenomenon is governed by the principle of supramolecular interactions that introduce a unique "reversibility" to the system. The new generation of gel chemistry is now tending more towards the development of new attractive functions to create smart materials for achieving outstanding response or unprecedented selectivity over a process. However, for the successful implementation of this mission, it is really essential to correlate gel functions with their structures. This focus review is an attempt to find such a correlation, which can motivate and stimulate this existing field towards precisely designing molecular gels for the desired functions.

Group V secretory phospholipase A2 plays a pathogenic role in myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury.

AIMS: Group V secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)-V) is highly expressed in the heart. This study examined (i) the role of sPLA(2)-V in myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and (ii) the cooperative action of sPLA(2)-V and cytosolic PLA(2) (cPLA(2)) in myocardial I/R injury, using sPLA(2)-V knockout (sPLA(2)V(-/-)) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: Myocardial I/R injury was created by 1 h ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. The sPLA(2)V(-/-) mice had a 44% decrease in myocardial infarct size, a preservation of echocardiographic LV function (%fractional shortening: 40 ± 3.5 vs. 21 ± 4.6, respectively), and lower content of leucotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) and thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)) (40 and 37% lower, respectively) in the ischaemic myocardium after I/R compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Intraperitoneal administration of AACOCF3 or MAFP, inhibitors of cPLA(2) activity, decreased myocardial infarct size and myocardial content of LTB(4) and TXB(2) in both genotyped mice. The decrease in myocardial infarct size and content of LTB(4) and TXB(2) after cPLA(2) inhibitor administration was greater in WT mice than in sPLA(2)V(-/-) mice. I/R increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in the ischaemic myocardium in association with cPLA(2) phosphorylation. The I/R-induced increase in the phosphorylation of p38 and cPLA(2) was less in sPLA(2)-V(-/-) mice than in WT mice. Pretreatment with the p38 inhibitor SB202190 suppressed an increase in cPLA(2) phosphorylation after I/R in WT mice. CONCLUSION: sPLA(2)-V plays an important role in the pathogenesis of myocardial I/R injury partly in concert with the activation of cPLA(2).

Fluidic supramolecular nano- and microfibres as molecular rails for regulated movement of nanosubstances.

Nano- and micro-sized fibrous architectures are ubiquitous in nature; in particular, microtubules have an essential role within live cells, as tracks for transporting objects to a desired place, driven by molecular motors such as dynein and kinesin. Such functions of bionanofibres motivated us to construct an artificial supramolecular rail using the fluidic property of self-assembled glycolipid nanofibres. Artificial supramolecular nanofibres constructed through molecular self-assembly of small molecules have recently attracted considerable attention for their unique properties, such as reversible formation/destruction under mild conditions and various stimuli responsiveness. In this paper, we show that a supramolecular nanofibre has sufficient fluidity, on the basis of its non-crystalline nature, to function as a molecular track for the directional movement of attached molecules, proteins and nanobeads along the fibre.

Studies on a new class of organogelator containing 2-anthracenecarboxylic acid: influence of gelator and solvent on stereochemistry of the photodimers.

A new class of binary organogelator (G1, G2 and G3) based on 2-anthracenecarboxylic acid (2Ac), attached noncovalently with the gelator counterpart containing a 3,4,5-tris(n-dodecyloxy)benzoylamide backbone has been developed. Among the three gelators, two (G2 and G3) are chiral containing D-alanine or L-2-phenylglycine moieties, respectively. They can act as efficient gelators of organic solvents with varying polarity depending upon the gelator systems. Gelator G1 even gelates chiral solvents. The photoirradiation of the gel samples produces photocyclodimers having different degrees of stereoselectivity for different systems. Gels with G1 and G2 produce head-to-head (h-h) photodimers as major products, whereas the stereoselectivity is reversed for the gels with G3 producing head-to-tail (h-t) photodimers as major products. Among those, G2/cyclohexane gel shows the highest degree of stereoselectivity, producing only h-h photodimers with some significant amount of chiral induction. Other chiral systems exhibit low to moderate chiral inductions. The gelator G1 can differentiate between the racemic and enantiomerically pure varieties of a solvent by exhibiting different gel melting temperatures (T(gel)). For different gel systems, T(gel) increases in all the cases as a consequence of photoreaction, except for the G2/cyclohexane gel, where a prominent gel-to-sol phase transition can be observed during the photoreaction. Hydrogen-bonding and pi-pi stacking interactions play the principal roles in constructing the gel structure. The morphologies of the gel systems vary between one-dimensional fibrils and a fibrillar network structure. In addition, the influences of the gelator and solvent polarity on the rate of photoreactions, photoproduct distributions as well as gel structures are investigated.

Supramolecular hydrogel exhibiting four basic logic gate functions to fine-tune substance release.

Logic-gate operations displaying macroscopic outputs are promising systems for the development of intelligent soft materials that can perform effective functions in response to various input patterns. A supramolecular hydrogel comprising the phosphate-type hydrogelator 1 exhibits macroscopic gel-sol behavior in response to four distinct input stimuli: temperature, pH, Ca(2+), and light. We characterized this performance through microscopic, spectroscopic, and rheological measurements. On the basis of its multiple-stimulus responsiveness, we constructed gel-based supramolecular logic gates from hydrogelator 1 that demonstrated AND, OR, NAND, and NOR types of stimulus-responsive gel-sol behavior in the presence of various combinations of the four stimuli. Implementation of such logic-gate functions into semiwet soft materials (e.g., supramolecular hydrogels) is an important step toward the design of controlled drug delivery and release systems. Indeed, we demonstrate herein that one of our gel-based supramolecular logic gates is capable of holding and releasing bioactive substances in response to logic triggers. Furthermore, combining our supramolecular gel-based AND logic gate with a photoresponsive supramolecular gel could temporarily modulate the release rate of the bioactive substance.

MCM-enzyme-supramolecular hydrogel hybrid as a fluorescence sensing material for polyanions of biological significance.

Polyanions are important sensing targets because of their wide variety of biological activities. We report a novel polyanion-selective fluorescence sensing system composed of a hybrid material of supramolecular hydrogel, enzymes, and aminoethyl-modified MCM41-type mesoporous silica particles (NH(2)-MCM41) encapsulating anionic fluorescent dyes. The rational combination of the polyanion-exchange ability of NH(2)-MCM41 and semi-wet supramolecular hydrogel matrix successfully produced three distinct domains; namely, cationic nanopores, hydrophobic nano/microfibers, and aqueous bulk gel phase, which are orthogonal to each other. The coupling of anion-selective probe release from NH(2)-MCM41 with translocation of the probe facilitated by enzymatic reaction enabled fluorescence resonance energy transfer-type sensing in the hybrid materials for polyanions such as heparin, chondroitin sulfate, sucrose octasulfate, and so forth. The enzymatic dephosphorylation catalyzed by phosphatase (alkaline phosphatase or acid phosphatase) that is embedded in gel matrix with retention of activity also contributed to improving the sensing selectivity toward polysulfates relative to polyphosphates. It is clear that the orthogonal domain formation of these materials and maintaining the mobility of the fluorescent dyes between the three domains are crucial for the rapid and convenient sensing provided by this system.

Mechanical reinforcement of a supramolecular hydrogel comprising an artificial glyco-lipid through supramolecular copolymerization.

Supramolecular copolymer hydrogels were prepared by mixing 1 and the additives 2-8, and their rheological properties were evaluated. It was found that additive 3 reinforced the mechanical strength of the resultant hydrogel most efficiently, increasing the yield stress of SCH 1+3 about fourfold. The optimal mixing between the glyco-lipid hydrogelator 1 and the additive 3 sufficiently enhanced the mechanical strength of the resultant SCH, which improved the handling of the SH on the large scale. These results indicate that supramolecular copolymerization can provide the supramolecular hydrogel with desired properties and/or functions.