A simultaneous outbreak of Serratia marcescens and Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonatal intensive care unit.

We describe two concurrent outbreaks of Serratia marcescens and Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Over a 16-month period, a total of 27 infants were either colonized (N=14) or infected (N=13). There were 15 cases of S. marcescens and 11 cases of K. pneumoniae. Both micro-organisms were involved in one fatal case. Seven preterm babies developed septicaemia, two had bacteraemia, three had respiratory infections and one had purulent conjunctivitis. The S. marcescens and K. pneumoniae isolates were investigated by three molecular methods: enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (PCR), arbitrary primed PCR with M13 primer, and random amplification of polymorphic DNA. Different patterns were found in the 16 S. marcescens epidemic isolates from 16 newborn infants. The major epidemic-involved genotype was linked to the first nine cases and this was subsequently replaced by different patterns. Eight different typing profiles were also determined for the 13 K. pneumoniae isolates from 12 newborn infants. Four K. pneumoniae bacteraemic strains proved to be identical. In conclusion, the typing results revealed that two different micro-organisms (S. marcescens and K. pneumoniae) were simultaneously involved in invasive nosocomial infections in preterm newborns. Two simultaneous clusters of cases were documented. Heterogeneous genotypes among both species were also demonstrated to be present in the NICU at the same time. A focal source for both micro-organisms was not identified but cross-transmission through handling was probably an important route in this outbreak. Strict adherence to handwashing policies, cohorting, isolation of colonized and infected patients, and rigorous environmental hygiene were crucial measures in the containment of the epidemic.

In vitro embryo production efficiency in cattle and its association with oocyte adenosine triphosphate content, quantity of mitochondrial DNA, and mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.

Mitochondria have a broad range of functions that affect reproduction, and structural as well as quantitative variation in mtDNA has been associated with gamete quality and reproductive success. To investigate the mitochondria effect on in vitro embryo production, we collected oocytes by ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration from donor cows known to differ in the developmental capacity, measured by the blastocyst formation rate, of their oocytes. To evaluate the potential effects of mtDNA and mitochondrial function on oocyte quality, the donor cows' mtDNA control region was sequenced and, after pairwise comparisons of polymorphisms, animals were grouped into two major haplogroups. The number of mtDNA molecules per oocyte was quantified by real-time PCR, and the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content was measured in each oocyte to identify variations between haplogroups. Overall, ATP stocks in oocytes of the two haplogroups differed significantly (P < 0.05; means +/- SEM) both at the germinal vesicle and metaphase II stages (2.8 +/- 0.06 pmol vs. 2.6 +/- 0.07 pmol and 2.9 +/- 0.1 pmol vs. 2.3 +/- 0.06 pmol, respectively). The proportion of development to blastocyst was significantly different between haplogroups (22.3 +/- 2.1 % vs. 36.7 +/- 2.9 %). The number of mtDNA molecules per oocyte was highly variable (377 327 +/- 14 104, ranging from 2.0 x 10(3) to 1.2 x 10(6)) but not significantly different between the two haplogroups; significant differences were observed between animals without any apparent relationship to blastocyst production. These data suggest that mitochondria and mtDNA haplogroup affect the developmental capacity of bovine oocytes in vitro.

Search for viruses in the CSF of patients with acute neurological disorders: possible involvement of beta-and gamma-herpesviruses.

In the years 1999-2001, 868 samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from as many patients with acute neurological manifestations of suspected viral origin were analysed for the presence of viruses at the Centre for the Diagnosis of Viral Diseases of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. Neurological patients included 788 immunocompetent subjects and 80 patients with impaired immunity due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity. Of the CSF samples, 125 (15.8%) were positive for one or more viruses among the immunocompetent patients, whereas 33 (41.1%) were positive among the HIV cohort. DNA and RNA viruses were detected in the first group of CSF samples whereas only DNA viruses were found in the second group. In immunocompetent patients the frequency of enteroviruses prevailed over that of other RNA virus families (p = 0.001) and that of herpesviruses over the frequency of other DNA virus families (p = 0.001). Among herpesvirus members, the Epstein-Barr gamma-herpesvirus prevailed on alpha-herpesviruses in each of the two groups of patients (p = 0.05 in the immunocompetent group and p = 0.006 in HIV-positive patients). The clinical relevance both of this virus and of beta-herpesviruses as a cause of neurological disorders is discussed.

Evidence of oocyte donor cow effect over oocyte production and embryo development in vitro.

There have been few studies on a possible maternal influence on in vitro embryo production in cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate the maternal influence on oocyte production and in vitro blastocyst formation rate using repeated ovum pick-up and in vitro fertilization. Six contemporary cows raised on the same farm and with varied genetic origins were submitted to 42 weeks of ovum pick-up organized into four series. Collected oocytes were fertilized in vitro with spermatozoa from a different bull for each series. In total, 1933 oocytes were recovered from 3936 follicles with a recovery rate of 57.2% and a mean oocyte collection of 4.6+/-0.2 (mean+/-SEM) per animal per session. Animals were ranked according to their oocyte production. The best oocyte donor was the same female in all four series. No relationship was identified between oocyte production and blastocyst production rate (r=-0.08). The mean blastocyst rate was 28.8% with significant variation among animals. The best and the worst blastocyst producers were always the same animals independent of the semen used. The results of the present study support the hypothesis that in cattle, the oocyte donor influences the production of blastocysts. Furthermore, they demonstrate that oocyte and embryo production are independent factors. Further studies are necessary to identify the maternal or oocyte factors responsible for such differences.

Preliminary results on variability in oocyte recovery and developmental competence in cattle derived from embryonic cloning: work in progress.

To investigate female gamete developmental competence and variability in cloned cattle, we performed ovum pick-up and in vitro fertilization in four sets of cloned heifers (n = 10, two sets of triplets and two sets of twins), and four groups of non-genetically related control animals (n = 13). A total of 304 OPU were performed and 1798 oocytes were recovered. Mean oocyte production per female per OPU (+/-S.D.) was similar for clone or control animals (5.7+/-2.9 versus 6.1+/-4.5, respectively), however, in two sets of clones variance for the number of oocytes recovered differed significantly (7.1 versus 23.9 and 7.3 versus 26.7, respectively P<0.001) between clone groups and their respective controls, cloned animals being more homogenous. After in vitro maturation, fertilization with semen from the same bull, and culture, the proportion of oocytes from cloned animals that developed into blastocysts was 35.0+/-29.2% and was not significantly different from controls (29.4+/-30.9). The CV for oocyte recovery, and blastocyst rates was lower in all groups of cloned animals than in controls. Nevertheless, within each set of clones, CV values indicated some degree of variability between animals, thus confirming that cloned cattle are not the exact phenotypic copy of each other. Despite the large number of oocytes analyzed, results should be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of cloned animals.

Symptomatic infections by toscana virus in the Modena province in the triennium 1999-2001.

We report nine cases of clinical manifestations by Toscana virus (TOSV) diagnosed at the Centre for the Diagnosis of Viral Diseases of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, in the inhabitants of Modena province (Emilia Romagna region), in the triennium 1999-2001. TOSV was involved in six cases of meningitis, two of meningoencephalitis and one case of febrile erythema without meningeal manifestations. Six TOSV-infected patients had stayed for a few days in a different area of the Tuscany region before the onset of clinical manifestations so, only three cases of infections by TOSV had an autochthonous origin.

Case of fatal encephalitis by HHV-6 variant A.

A fatal case is reported of encephalitis in an 85-year-old man caused by the human herpesvirus 6 variant A. The virological diagnosis was based on the findings of the virus variant genomic sequences both in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of the patient. Moreover, virus replication in nervous tissue was suggested by a viral load higher in the cerebrospinal fluid than in the peripheral blood. The association of a central nervous system infection with the A variant of human herpesvirus 6 is interesting because of the difficulty in establishing a pathological role for this virus strain. Epstein-Barr virus DNA was detected in the patient's cerebrospinal fluid in association with human herpesvirus 6 DNA. The presence of the Epstein-Barr virus genomic sequences in the cerebro-spinal fluid was considered to be unimportant clinically.

Microsatellite instability in multiple colorectal tumors.

Tumor multiplicity is a hallmark of hereditary cancers: in the colon-rectum multiple tumors represent 5-10% of all colorectal cancer cases. A portion of these cases belongs to hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), a genetic cancer syndrome due to mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutations, phenotypically expressed as microsatellite instability (MSI); the majority of multiple tumors, however, is apparently without any family history. We analyzed 78 (38 synchronous and 40 metachronous) neoplasms from 37 patients with multiple tumors of the large bowel, both HNPCC and sporadic, with the aim of identifying a common genetic basis in multiple tumors. DNA was extracted from normal and cancerous formalin-fixed tissue and was analyzed for MSI using 6 markers. Tumors showing MSI in at least 2 of 6 microsatellite loci were defined as MSI(+). The overall number of MSI(+) tumors was 22 (28.2% of the total). A significant difference in the rate of MSI(+) between HNPCC and sporadic tumors was observed (85% vs. 17%). In the same patients, the MSI phenotype of synchronous tumors (both HNPCC and sporadic) tended to be more concordant than that of the metachronous ones. The higher frequency of MSI in HNPCC than in sporadic tumors, even when multiple, suggests that the involvement of MMR genes in the pathogenesis of the sporadic cases may be uncommon, thus confirming that screening for MSI in multiple colorectal tumors could be a useful tool in the identification of HNPCC in the general population.

Scanning electron microscopy of aberrant crypt foci in human colorectal mucosa.

BACKGROUND: Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are clusters of morphologically altered crypts which can be observed by light or stereomicroscopy on the mucosal surface of the colon after staining with methylene-blue. They probably represent one of the earliest events in human colorectal carcinogenesis. The main purpose of the present study was to observe the surface features of aberrant and normal colonic crypts in humans using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to find and measure differences between aberrant and normal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen mucosal specimens containing ACF and 8 with normal mucosa taken from patients operated on for colon cancer were observed under a scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: By SEM ACF were easily observed on the mucosal surface, because they showed a well defined border and were elevated on the mucosal surface. Under higher magnification luminal openings of aberrant crypts had a larger overall average diameter than normal (37.6 microns +/- 13.5, mean +/- SD, vs 15.9 microns +/- 4.9, P = 0.001), though when crypt multiplicity of ACF (number of crypts per ACF) was higher, the diameter of luminal openings tended to be smaller and similar to those of normal crypts, with weak negative correlation between crypt multiplicity of ACF and mean diameter of aberrant luminal openings (r = 0.27). Finally, the mucosal surface among aberrant crypts was flattened because of a loss of microvilli. in conclusion, scanning electron microscopy allows a better definition of the topological features of aberrant crypt foci than light or stereomicroscopy.

Small bowel carcinoma in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.

A 53-yr-old man, a member of a hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) family, with previous colonoscopic polypectomies, presented for persisting vomiting and marked signs of dehydration. Previous radiological and endoscopic examinations of the upper digestive tract were negative, with the exception of the presence of a duodenal adenomatous polyp. Enteroclysis led to a diagnosis of obstruction at the Treitz angle due to a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. Microsatellite instability was demonstrated in the DNA extracted from the tumor. The patient was the carrier of a mutation in the intron 13 of the hMLH1 gene, one of the four mismatch repair genes known to be responsible for HNPCC.

Aberrant crypt foci in patients with colorectal cancer.

Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are clusters of abnormally large colonic crypts identified on the mucosal surface of the human colon. They are thought to be preneoplastic lesions. The aim of the present study was to compare density (number of ACF per square cm of mucosal surface), crypt multiplicity (number of crypts per ACF) and histology of ACF in colonic resections of colorectal cancer patients resident in two Italian provinces with a twofold difference in colorectal cancer incidence rates. Thirty-two and 26 colonic resections were collected after operation in Ragusa (Southern Italy) and Modena (Northern Italy), respectively, and fixed in 10% formalin. Mucosal layers were observed under a light microscope at 25x after staining with methylene blue. Density of ACF was significantly higher in Modena (median 0.101 ACF cm(-2)) than in Ragusa (0.049, P = 0.001), whereas there was no difference in crypt multiplicity. ACF were classified into three groups according to histological features: ACF with mild alterations (hypertrophic ACF, 73%), ACF with hyperplasia (hyperplastic ACF, 17%) and ACF with dysplasia (microadenomas, 10%). The proportions of ACF in the three groups were similar in the two provinces. Density of ACF was higher and crypt multiplicity lower proceeding from proximal to distal large bowel. Microadenomas were observed only in the colon, whereas hyperplastic ACF were more frequent in the rectum. In conclusion, density of ACF correlates with colorectal cancer rates in two Italian provinces, and shows a positive gradient from proximal to distal large bowel. Histology of ACF suggests that they may be precursors of both hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps. These data provide further evidence of the role of ACF in human colorectal carcinogenesis.

Colorectal carcinoma in different age groups: a population-based investigation.

Although colorectal cancer is a disease of the older population, these tumors are not infrequent before the age of 55. Through the data of a population-based registry, we proposed giving a description of the clinical features of three groups of patients in whom the disease occurred at a relatively early age of onset (group I: < 40 yr; group II: 41-50 yr; group III: 51-55 yr). There were only 14 patients under the age of 40 yr (1.1% of total registered patients, n = 1298 in the period 1984-1992). Group II and III represented 5.9% and 6.0%, respectively (n = 76 and 78), with minor fluctuations throughout the 9-yr period of registration. Inherited colorectal tumors [hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), adenomatosis coli, and suspected HNPCC] accounted for 38.4% of group I patients (5 of 14), 17.1% of group II, 10.2% of group III, and only 3.5% of individuals older than 55 (p, for trend, < 0.001). Thus, hereditary colorectal tumors were detected significantly more often in younger individuals. The majority of colorectal malignancies were localized in the left colon or rectum in all three groups, with a tendency (not significant) to a preferential localization in the right colon for tumors developed in group I (37% vs 18% and 14% in groups II and III, respectively). Pathological stage and main histological types did not differ among the three groups. Finally, life-table analysis did not show significant differences in 5-yr survival among the three groups; however, when considered together, early onset cases showed a more favorable prognosis than older individuals (log-rank 11.6; p < 0.001). In conclusion, colorectal cancer is diagnosed very rarely before the age of 40 yr, whereas about 12% of all cases belong to the age group 41 to 55 yr of age. Hereditary tumors were found more frequently in younger patients, with a well-defined inverse relationship between age of onset and frequency of genetically determined tumors. Finally, the clinical outcome was more favorable in the whole series of early onset cases than in older registered patients.

Histology of aberrant crypt foci in the human colon.

Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) have been identified in the methylene-blue stained mucosa of the human colon. Some lines of evidence suggest that ACF may be precursors of colon cancer. The objective of the present study was to establish morphological criteria able to define and classify ACF in histological sections. Twenty-four colectomy specimens were collected after operation for colorectal cancer and fixed in 10% formalin. Strips of grossly normal mucosa were stained in a 0.2% solution of methylene blue in saline for 5-10 min. The strips were measured, put on a glass slide and observed under a light microscope at x25. One hundred and fourteen ACF identified by topology were sectioned parallel to the muscularis mucosae. Eighty-four ACF were evident at histological examination and could be classified into three main groups: group A (61 ACF, 72.6%) including foci whose epithelial cells had regular nuclei, with only mild or focal crowding but no stratification, no mucin depletion and no dysplasia; group B (16 ACF, 19.1%), in which features of hyperplasia were evident; and group C (seven ACF, 8.3%) including foci with enlarged, crowded and stratified nuclei, mucin depletion, frequent mitoses, and evident dysplasia, diffuse or focal (mild in five cases, moderate in two) representing microadenomas. Finally, hyperplastic foci were significantly larger than foci of group A and C. Group B ACF were also more frequent in the rectum than in the colon. In conclusion, selected histological features allow the definition of groups of ACF, which may represent sequential steps in the development of human colorectal tumours.

Characterization of MSH2 and MLH1 mutations in Italian families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.

Mismatch repair genes MSH2 and MLH1 are considered to be the two major genes that are responsible for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Germline heterozygous inactivating mutations of MSH2 and MLH1 have been identified previously in a substantial fraction of individuals who are predisposed genetically to colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and other tumors of the HNPCC spectrum. With the aim of determining the relevance of these two genes in the Italian population, we submitted to mutational analysis a set of 17 HNPCC families, all of which fulfilled the "Amsterdam criteria." A combination of different techniques, including reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of long fragments and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) on cDNA and genomic DNA, allowed the identification of ten molecular variants, seven of which are predicted to inactivate mismatch repair function. The mutated predisposing gene was MSH2 in two families and MLH1 in five other families. All of the mutations were characterized by DNA sequencing and appeared to involve different molecular mechanisms, such as short in-frame and out-of-frame deletions, splicing errors, and nonsense mutations. This study also demonstrates that, in the Italian population, a considerable fraction of HNPCC families (at least 41%) is linked to MSH2 and MLH1 mutations.

Clinical features, frequency and prognosis of Dukes' A colorectal carcinoma: a population-based investigation.

The main aim of this study was, through the data of a population-based Registry, to establish the incidence of Dukes' A lesions by year of registration and the main clinical features, and to assess cancer-specific survival. One hundred and eighteen Dukes' A colorectal tumours were diagnosed (in 117 patients) out of 1337 registered between 1984 and 1992 in the Health Care District of Modena, Northern Italy; 94 patients were treated with surgery and 23 with endoscopic polypectomy. The frequency of Dukes' A tumours ranged between 4.8% and 18% by year of registration. Dukes' A carcinomas were significantly more frequent in the distal colon. Only 5 patients (4%) died of their cancer, and in all patients the tumour was localised in the rectum. Carcinomas associated with a poor prognosis did not show any of the biological variables usually associated with an unfavourable outcome, but, our data suggest the possibility of incomplete removal of tumours at surgery.

Frequency and clinical features of multiple tumors of the large bowel in the general population and in patients with hereditary colorectal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Reports on the frequency of multiple carcinomas of the colon and rectum have varied from 3-4% to more than 10% of all tumors of the large bowel. METHODS: We reviewed the files of a specialized colorectal cancer registry with the following objectives: a) to determine the frequency of multiple tumors (synchronous or metachronous) in the general population; b) to compare these values with those observed in patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC); and c) to evaluate the clinical outcome of patients with multiple tumors and the role of other clinical parameters in the development of these neoplasms. RESULTS: From 1984 to 1992, 53 patients with multiple tumors (of 1298 registered patients, 4%) had large bowel carcinoma; 33 (2.5%) were synchronous and 20 (1.5%) metachronous. The total number of multiple colorectal carcinomas was 95, which was 7% of all registered colorectal carcinomas (1337 carcinomas in 1298 patients). Multiple tumors occurred significantly more often in patients with HNPCC than in those with sporadic carcinomas (P < 0.001); this increased prevalence was more marked for metachronous lesions, which occurred almost 4 times more often in patients with HNPCC (5.8% vs. 1.3%; P < 0.001). The average interval of time between the first and the second malignancy was 8.7 years; there was no significant difference between hereditary and sporadic tumors. Patients with synchronous tumors did not show appreciable differences in survival when compared with individuals who had single neoplasms. In contrast, a poor clinical outcome was observed in patients with metachronous tumors after the development of the second carcinoma. Finally, polypoid adenomas of the large bowel were found significantly more often in patients with multiple primary tumors than in those with a single tumor. CONCLUSIONS: These results emphasize the importance of preoperative pancolonoscopy for the identification of possible synchronous tumors (both benign and malignant) and long-lasting endoscopic follow-up for the detection of recurrent or metachronous lesions. The conclusions are even more pertinent for patients with HNPCC, whose risk of metachronous tumors is significantly higher than that of patients with sporadic carcinoma.

Familial aggregation of tumors and detection of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer in 3-year experience of 2 population-based colorectal-cancer registries.

The clinical data of 2 population-based registries, located in areas with different incidence rates of colorectal cancer, were used in order to assess the role of familial factors in the pathogenesis of these tumors. The occurrence of tumors in family members was investigated in 389 subjects with colorectal cancer registered in Modena (Northern Italy, an area characterized by a high incidence of colorectal malignancies) between 1984 and 1986; similar information was obtained in 213 patients with tumors of the large bowel registered in Ragusa (Sicily, Southern Italy, an area of similar magnitude and with low incidence rates for these tumors) in the 3-year period 1988 to 1990. In both series, colorectal cancer occurred significantly more often among relatives of patients. Controls were patients of the same sex and age (+/- 5 years) hospitalized during the study periods, but not for gastrointestinal or neoplastic diseases. There were 89 cancer cases (3.1%) among 2,851 relatives of patients in Modena, vs. 17 cases among 1,744 relatives (1.0%) in Ragusa (p < 0.01). Apart from colorectal cancer, there was no excess of other types of tumors in patients' families (in both series). During the 3 years of registration, 17 cases of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, or Lynch syndrome) were diagnosed in Modena; in contrast, this syndrome was more rare in Ragusa (one case only during 3 years of observation). Similarly, many more families with clinical suspicion of HNPCC were recorded in Northern regions (44 vs. 10). Although incidence rates of colorectal cancer are appreciably higher in Northern than in Southern Italian regions, the excess of this cancer type among close relatives is similar. However, full-blown HNPCC or suspected Lynch syndrome were significantly more frequent in Northern Italy.

The coding sequence of the bovine ferrochelatase gene.

The amino acid code and surrounding regions in the bovine ferrochelatase gene were amplified by a combination of reverse transcriptase PCR and vectorette PCR and sequenced. The bovine code was 86% homologous to the human ferrochelatase code but was altered at a position corresponding to the presumed human initiator codon.

Bcl-2 oncoprotein expression in acute myeloid leukemia.

BACKGROUND: In lymphoproliferative diseases the expression of Bcl-2, a mitochondrial oncoprotein capable of blocking apoptosis, is well-documented, while little research has been carried out on its distribution in myeloproliferative conditions. METHODS: Using immunocytochemical methods, 63 cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) at onset and 10 relapses were studied to investigate Bcl-2 expression and any possible correlations with subtypes of the FAB classification, sex, age or white cell peripheral blood count at onset. RESULTS: Bcl-2 is present in 87.3% of AML cases at onset and in 100% of relapses. In 68.3% of cases at onset and in 90% of relapses the protein is present in more than 20% of the blasts. Relapses always show higher percentages of positive expression than those seen at onset. Our results demonstrate no statistical correlations between the expression of the oncoprotein Bcl-2 and FAB subtypes, sex, age, or white cell peripheral blood count. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of blasts from AML patients express the oncoprotein Bcl-2, which is able to protect leukemic cells from apoptosis. Since numerous chemotherapies are cytotoxic in that they induce apoptosis, we feel that in vitro studies of cells from AML patients are necessary in order to broaden our knowledge about the effects of the most common therapeutic drugs and of those substances which, alone or in association, can modulate Bcl-2 expression.