Cytoarchitecture and musculotopic organization of the facial motor nucleus in Cebus apella monkey.

The architecture and musculotopic organization of the facial motor nucleus in the Cebus apella monkey (a New World primate) were investigated using histological techniques and a multiple labelling strategy, in which horseradish peroxidase-conjugated neuroanatomical tracers (CTB-HRP and WGA-HRP) and fluorescent tracers were injected into individual facial muscles. The facial motor nucleus was formed by multipolar motoneurons and had an ovoid shape, with its rostrocaudal axis measuring on average 1875 micro m. We divided the nucleus into four different subnuclei: medial, intermediate, dorsal and lateral. Retrograde labelling patterns revealed that individual muscles were innervated by longitudinal functional columns of motoneurons. The columns of the orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus, orbicularis oris, auricularis superior, buccinator and platysma muscles were located in the dorsal, intermediate, lateral, medial, lateral and intermediate subnuclei, respectively. However, the motoneuron columns of the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle and frontalis muscle could not be associated with a specific subnucleus. The present results confirm previous studies regarding the musculotopic organization of the facial motor nucleus. However, we observed some particularities in terms of the relative size of each column in C. apella, which might be related to the functional and behavioral importance of each muscle in the particular context of this primate.

Mesoscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the trabecular projections in the superior sagittal sinus.

The trabecular projections of the human superior sagittal sinus were classified into types and subtypes according to spatial arrangement and shape. The horizontal and vertical projections direct laminar blood flow, while the conic type, which is avalvular, protects the openings of the superior cerebral veins in the superior sagittal sinus.

Morphometric analysis of seromucous acini and granular ducts of submandibular glands from rats, rattus norvegicus, submitted to experimental chronic alcoholism

Ha sido reconocido que la ingesta crónica de etanol causa alteraciones morfológicas en varios tejidos. En el presente trabajo fue realizado un análisis morfométrico de los acinos seromucosos y de los conductos granulosos de las glándulas submandibulares de ratones sometidos a alcoholismo crónico experimental. Ratones Wistar machos fueron sometidos a dieta alcohólica con etanol al 6 por ciento (v/v). A los 5, 10 y 15 meses tras el inicio del tratamiento, fueron recolectadas muestras de las glándulas submandibulares para analizar el área de los ácinos seromucosos y conductos granulosos. Los resultados indicaron que el consumo crónico de etanol reduce significativamente el área de las células de los acinos seromucosos y de las células de los conductos granulosos. Además, hubo un ensanchamiento en el área de los acinos seromucosos y de los conductos granulosos tras el consumo crónico de etanol. Concluimos que los efectos del alcohol fueron más graves mientras mayor fue el periodo de tratamiento

Scanning electron microscopy study of the choroid plexus in the monkey (Cebus apella apella).

The cells of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles of the monkey Cebus apella apella were examined through scanning electron microscopy at contributing to the description of such structures in primates. The animals were anesthetized previously with 3% hypnol intraperitoneally and after perfusion with 2.5% glutaraldehyde, samples of the choroid plexus were collected after exhibition of the central portion and inferior horn of the lateral ventricles. The ventricular surface of those cells presents globose form as well as fine interlaced protrusions named microvilli. Among those, it is observed the presence of some cilia. Resting on the choroid epithelial cells there is a variable number of free cells, with fine prolongations which extend from them. They are probably macrophages and have been compared to Kolmer cells or epiplexus cells, located on choroid epithelium. The choroid plexus of the encephalic lateral ventricles of the monkey Cebus apella apella at scanning electron microscopy is similar to that of other primates, as well as to that of other species of mammals mainly cats and rats, and also humans.

Ultrastructural alterations of choroid plexuses of lateral ventricles of rats (Rattus norvegicus) submitted to experimental chronic alcoholism.

Adult male rats (Wistar lineage) were alcoholized with sugar cane liquor diluted at 30(0) GL during 300 days and sacrificed every 60 days in 5 stages. Samples of choroid plexuses of lateral ventricles were collected and examined at transmission electronic microscope to detect possible ultrastructural alterations and to raise possible pathological correlations. Gradual changes were observed in these animals during all the experiment: dilatation and enlargement of cisternae of Golgi complex, dilatation of RER, presence of digestive vacuoles and a large amount of pinocytic vesicles as well as vesicles with electronlucent content throughout cytoplasm, as well as an enlargement of intercellular space between basolateral interdigitation of the cells and of the connective tissue. The changes observed in the epithelium and connective tissue of choroid plexuses specially in 240 and 300 days of treatment are presumably due to a disturbance in hydroelectrolitic homeostasis, contributing to several morpho-functional disturbs of central nervous system. No changes were observed in the control group animals.

Morphology of the walls of the cavernous sinus of Cebus apella (tufted capuchin monkey).

The morphology of the dura mater and its relationship with the structures of the cavernous sinus were analyzed in five tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) using histological sections, showing that the walls of the cavernous sinus of this species are similar to those of other primates, including man. Except for the medial wall of the cavernous sinus, the remaining walls consist of two distinct dura mater layers. The deep layer of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus is contiguous to the sheath of the oculomotor, trochlear and ophthalmic nerves. Arterioles, venules, venous spaces, neuronal bodies and nervous fiber bundles are found on this lateral wall.

Morphologic study of submandibular gland in monkey (cebus apella)

En el mono Cebus apella, las glándulas salivales submandibulares se localizan en la área cervical, lateralmente a tráquea y están constituidas morfológicamente por cuatro tipos de células parenquimatosas que forman diferentes estructuras: 1. Acinos: que presentan células secretoras seromucosas, mucosas y mioepiteliales. Las células secretoras tienen retículo endoplásmico rugoso y complejo de Golgi desarrollados lo que permite a éstas una gran capacidad de síntesis, además presentan una acumulación considerable de gránulos de secreción. 2. Ductos intercalares: se caracterizan por tener células epiteliales cuboidales simples y células mioepiteliales. Los ductos conectan las células secretoras a los ductos granulosos y presentan escencialmente una función excretora. 3. Ductos estriados: consisten en células columnares altas con pliegues extensos en su membrana en las zonas basal y lateral. Presentan una cantidad pequeña de retículo endoplásmico rugoso y de gránulos, lo que sugiere una función de transporte de iones y agua. 4. Ductos excretores: constituidos por células columnares altas y forman la porción final de la vía excretora

Ultrastructural changes of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles of rats, rattus norvegicus, submitted to experimental chronic alcoholism, followed by alcohol withdrawal

Cuarenta ratas machos adultas se dividieron en dos grupos de 20 animales cada uno (grupos control y experimentales). El grupo experimental recibió alcohol de caña de azúcar comercial, marca "51 Pirassununga", diluida a 30º g/L como dieta líquida por un período de 240 días y agua potable por los siguientes 60 días. Los animales se sacrificaron después de 60, 120, 180, 240 y 300 días de tratamiento. Se observaron varios cambios morfológicos en el grupo experimental de animales de hasta 240 días de tratamiento, encontrándose dilatación de las cisternas del retículo endoplasmático rugoso, espacios intercelulares aumentados, espacios entre las interdigitaciones basolaterales de las células, inflamación del tejido conjuntivo y presencia de una gran cantidad de células pinocíticas, de vacuolas digestivas y de vesículas con contenido electrolúcido a lo largo del citoplasma. Después de 300 días de tratamiento, el grupo experimental de animales presentó una regresión importante de los cambios descritos. No se observó cambios en el grupo de animales control

Anatomical aspects of the lacrimal gland of the tufted capuchin (Cebus apella).

In the tufted capuchin (Cebus apella) the main lacrimal gland is composed of 2 distinct portions with an intraorbital and extraorbital localisation, interconnected by a bridge of glandular tissue which crosses the lateral orbital wall through the lateral orbital fissure located in the sphenozygomatic suture. The intraorbital lacrimal gland is flattened and extremely thin, with a variable outline. It lies on the upper and outer third of the globe of the eye, and the aponeurosis and the belly of the lateral rectus muscle, extending antero-posteriorly from the upper lateral angle of the orbit midway along the orbital cavity. The extraorbital lacrimal gland is compact, halfmoon-shaped, with 3 surfaces, 3 borders and 2 extremities. It lies in the temporal fossa between the temporalis muscle and the temporal surface of the zygomatic bone, fitting into a depression in this bone, and totally surrounded by adipose tissue. The secretory cells have a flocculent appearance and either low or high density. They possess a basal region containing the nucleus and rich in granular endoplasmic reticulum, and an apical region filled with secretory granules varying in size, form and density.

Fibre types of M. pectineus of the cat (Felis domestica).

As revealed by the NADH-diaphorase, SDH and myosin ATPase, the M. pectineus of the cat possesses at least 3 main kind of fibres, with different distribution on the superficial and deep portions of the muscle. The superficial portion revealed that 23.6% are FOG fibres: 17.8% are SO fibres and 58.6% are FG fibres. Already the deep portion revealed that 61.4% are FOG fibres: 14.5% are SO fibres and 24.1% are FG fibres. The myosin ATPase reaction was used to demonstrate contracting characteristics. These findings suggest that the movements of fast contraction of M. pectineus are predominant.

About a case of absence of the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle.

An uncommon case of absence of the muscular part of the superior belly of the left omohyoid muscle was found in a cadaver of a 65 year old man. The inferior belly of the muscle in question is continuous with tendon 2.5 mm broad, which extends its self unto the upper insertion of the sternohyoid muscle, where it inserts.

Contribution to the study of the styloid prominence in the posterior tympanic cavity.

70 human temporal bones were analyzed with the aif of an otologic microscope. The styloid prominence was found to be extremely variable in shape, location and occurrence. Depending on the degree of development, the prominence establishes important relationships with the sinus tympani, with the fossula of the cochlear fenestra, and with the suprapyramidal recess. Serial sections were used to study the relationship of the styloid process with the facial nerve inside the bony mass of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone.

Sobre um caso de exposiçäo natural do ventre muscular do músculo estapédio pela ausência da parede óssea da eminência piramidal

Os autores relatam um caso de deiscência na parede óssea da eminência piramidal, observada na cavidade timpânica direita de um cadáver, adulto do sexo masculino. Säo comentados os aspectos do desenvolvimento que possibilitam a formaçäo desta variaçäo

[Electromyographic analysis of the primary dorsal interosseus muscle of the human hand. I. Movements of the index finger]. / Analyse électromyographique du premier muscle interosseux dorsal de la main humaine. I. Mouvements de l'index.

An electromyographic study of the musculus interosseus dorsalis was performed on the right hand of 25 young adult male right-handed volunteers. The electrodes, simple coaxial needles, were implanted one at the ulnar head and the other at the radial head of the muscle. The muscles were analyzed during free movements of the index and against resistance. The same movements were done in four different positions of the forearm and hand, without variation in the results for each one of the movements. There was no significant difference between the activities of the ulnar head and radial head. During freely performed movements, muscle activity was recorded only during abduction. During movements against resistance, muscle activity was completely nil only during adduction; during the remaining movements, however, moderate (2+), strong (3+) and very strong activity (4+) was recorded.

The anatomical relationship of the middle ear and the jugular bulb.

The authors have studied the relationship of the superior jugular bulb with the cavity of the middle ear through the examination of 200 temporal bones. It was observed that the jugular fossa presents a prominence in the tympanic cavity in 54 (27%) cases, and was also found dehiscenses on the osseous wall which protects the bulb (in 2 cases) and absolute absence of this wall in one case. It was verified the variability of the degree of exposure of both, the hypotympanum and the fossula of the cochlear fenestra by the prominence of the jugular fossa.