ABSTRACT
In less than 10% of cases, males may have isolated epispadias, which is caused by failure in the urethral tubularization process, leading to dorsal urethral defect. This case report presents a unique instance where epispadias was associated with ambiguous genitalia. A 5-year-old boy diagnosed with epispadias. The penis resembled external female genitalia, with scrotal skin covering it. He underwent a two-stage operation without complications. The aim of the surgical techniques is to correct these anomalies and restore urinary continence and sexual function. Long-term outcomes of the surgery can vary, which highlights the need for further research.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Infertility affects about 15% of couples in reproductive age worldwide. Male factors are the main causes for this condition. Antioxidants have long been used for infertility treatment as they are easily available with a low cost. In this systematic review, we focused on the relation between antioxidant supplementation and sperm DNA fragmentation and other sperm parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An online search from PubMed and ScienceDirect databases was conducted by 2 reviewers. We reviewed full-text articles to obtain detailed information. RESULTS: Nine articles were included in this study. Four studies revealed a statistically significant reduction of sperm DNA fragmentation and five studies revealed an insignificant decrease of sperm DNA fragmentation. Sperm concentration, sperm motility, and morphology were also increased after antioxidant supplementation. Pregnancy rates were reported in 3 studies; the rates increased in 2 studies, and similar rate to placebo group was observed in 1 study. CONCLUSION: Antioxidant supplementation can counteract against oxidative stress and improve spermatogenesis process reflected by decrease of DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI), improvement of sperm parameters, and elevation of pregnancy rates confirmed by those included studies.
