ABSTRACT
Two protoberberine alkaloids with a unique C28 skeleton, named xanthiumines A (1) and B (2), respectively, were isolated from the fruits of Xanthium sibiricum Patr. Their structures including absolute configurations were unequivocally established by the comprehensive NMR and MS spectroscopic data analysis together with gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO) NMR calculations, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 1 and 2 are the first examples of natural protoberberine alkaloid with a phenolic acid group at C-13a. Their plausible biosynthetic pathway was proposed on the basis of the coexisting alkaloid monomer as the precursor. Furthermore, the effects and related molecular mechanism of compound 1 on hepatic lipid accumulation were also investigated in oleic acid (OA)-treated HepG2 cells.
Subject(s)
AMP-Activated Protein Kinases , Berberine Alkaloids , Fruit , Xanthium , Humans , Fruit/chemistry , Xanthium/chemistry , Berberine Alkaloids/chemistry , Berberine Alkaloids/pharmacology , Berberine Alkaloids/isolation & purification , Hep G2 Cells , Molecular Structure , AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Discovery , Enzyme Activators/pharmacology , Enzyme Activators/chemistry , Enzyme Activators/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the relationship between family functioning, social support and quality of life in patients with anxiety disorder. There is a paucity of research on anxiety disorders and their predictors in China. AIMS: This study aimed to explore family functioning, social support and quality of life for patients with anxiety disorder and examine the relationship between these elements. METHODS: A total of 107 patients who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) criteria for anxiety disorder and 80 healthy controls completed the McMaster Family Assessment Device, the Perceived Social Support Scale and the short form of the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire. RESULTS: The findings indicate that patients with anxiety disorder in China tend to have poor family functioning and quality of life, as well as a higher subjective perception of social support. There were strong correlations between family functioning, social support and quality of life. Affective involvement and not living with parents were identified as risk factors for anxiety disorders, while a high family income was a protective factor. CONCLUSION: Anxiety disorder is associated with reduced family functioning and poorer quality of life for Chinese patients. In addition, the Family Assessment Device is a suitable instrument for evaluating family functioning in Chinese patients with anxiety disorder.
