Subject(s)
Aging/physiology , Healthy Volunteers , Sex Characteristics , Ventricular Function, Left/physiology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Systole/physiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: This study was carried out to (i) provide the methodology for determining left atrial (LA) volume, emptying fraction and ejection force (LAEF), from real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE), and (ii) evaluate the effects of age and gender on LA volume and LAEF in a wide age range of healthy participants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RT3DE was performed in 102 healthy participants (age range, 20 to 80 years). From full-volume data sets, LA endocardial borders were automatically traced and LA volumes were determined. LAEF was calculated as 1/3×mitral annular area × (blood density) × (peak velocity of A wave)(2) according to Newton's law of motion and hydrodynamics; wherein the mitral annular area (MVA) is traced using RT3DE and A is the peak Doppler-derived blood velocity at atrial systole with the sample volume placed at the mitral annulus level. RESULTS: ANOVA analysis revealed that LA volume indices were significantly correlated with age (r = 0.366, P <0.0001 for maximal volume index and r = 0.288, P <0.005 for minimal volume index). LAEF was also significantly positively correlated with age (r = 0.49, P <0.0001). The LA emptying fraction was maintained across ages. LA volume indices and LAEF did not differ significantly with gender. CONCLUSION: Our data can be used as normal reference values for LA volumes and LAEF. We have demonstrated that age is positively related to LA volume indices and LAEF, which suggests that age-dependent cut-off values should be considered in those with heart disease.
Subject(s)
Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional/methods , Heart Atria/diagnostic imaging , Mitral Valve/diagnostic imaging , Stroke Volume/physiology , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Analysis of Variance , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Electronic prescribing has been proposed as an important strategy to reduce medication errors, improve the quality of patient care and create savings in health care costs. Despite these potential advantages, user satisfaction plays a significant role in the success of its implementation. Hence, this study aims to examine users' satisfaction and factors associated with satisfaction regarding an electronic prescription system implemented in the National Healthcare Group Polyclinics in Singapore. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An anonymous survey was administered in October 2007 to all physicians, pharmacists and pharmacy technicians working in the 9 National Healthcare Group Polyclinics. RESULTS: Respondents included 118 doctors and 61 pharmacy staff. The overall level of satisfaction with electronic prescribing was high. Doctors and pharmacists reported a high degree of agreement that electronic prescribing reduces prescribing errors and interventions, and they did not want to go back to the paper-based system. Users were generally satisfied with the functionality of the system but there was some degree of workflow interference particularly for the pharmacy staff. Only 56.9% of the pharmacy respondents expressed satisfaction with the review function of the electronic prescription system and only 51.8% and 60% were satisfied when processing prescriptions that included items to be purchased from an external pharmacy or prescriptions with amendments. The results also revealed that satisfaction with the system was more associated with users' perceptions about the electronic prescription system's impact on productivity than quality of care. CONCLUSION: The survey results indicate that the implementation of the electronic prescription system has gone reasonably well. The survey findings provide opportunities for system and workflow enhancement, which is important as these issues could affect the acceptability of a new technology and the speed of diffusion within an organisation.
Subject(s)
Consumer Behavior , Electronic Prescribing , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diffusion of Innovation , Health Care Surveys , Humans , Medical Order Entry Systems , Pharmaceutical Services , Pharmacists/psychology , Physicians/psychology , SingaporeABSTRACT
This report describes the case of a man who presented with fever, weight loss, and Streptococcus mitis septicemia. He was found to have congenital bilateral coronary artery fistula, a rare condition. There was no evidence of vegetation on the heart valves on transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography. Instead, transesophageal echocardiography showed vegetation within the coronary sinus near its entrance into the right atrium. Coronary angiography confirmed the presence of a left circumflex artery to coronary sinus fistula and a right coronary artery to coronary sinus fistula. To the authors' knowledge this combination of findings has never been reported before.
