Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of asthma in women across life.

Background: The epidemiology and severity of asthma vary by sex and age. The diagnosis, treatment, and management of asthma in female patients are quite challenging. However, there is hitherto no comprehensive and standardized guidance for female patients with asthma. Methods: Corresponding search strategies were determined based on clinical concerns regarding female asthma. Search terms included "sex hormones and lung development", "sex hormone changes and asthma", "hormones and asthma immune response", "women, asthma", "children, asthma", "puberty, asthma", "menstruation, asthma", "pregnancy, asthma", "lactation, asthma", "menopause, asthma", "obesity, asthma", and "women, refractory, severe asthma". Literature was retrieved from PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, China Biology Medicine disc, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data with the search date of July 30, 2022 as the last day. This consensus used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation to evaluate the strength of recommendation and quality of evidence. Results: We collected basic research results and clinical evidence-based medical data and reviewed the effects of sex hormones, classical genetics, and epigenetics on the clinical presentation and treatment response of female patients with asthma under different environmental effects. Based on that, we formulated this expert consensus on the management of female asthma throughout the life cycle. Conclusions: This expert consensus on the management of asthma in women throughout the life cycle provides diagnosis, treatment, and research reference for clinical and basic medical practitioners.

Single-cell profiling reveals kidney CD163+ dendritic cell participation in human lupus nephritis.

OBJECTIVES: The current work aimed to provide a comprehensive single-cell landscape of lupus nephritis (LN) kidneys, including immune and non-immune cells, identify disease-associated cell populations and unravel their participation within the kidney microenvironment. METHODS: Single-cell RNA and T cell receptor sequencing were performed on renal biopsy tissues from 40 patients with LN and 6 healthy donors as controls. Matched peripheral blood samples from seven LN patients were also sequenced. Multiplex immunohistochemical analysis was performed on an independent cohort of 60 patients and validated using flow cytometric characterisation of human kidney tissues and in vitro assays. RESULTS: We uncovered a notable enrichment of CD163+ dendritic cells (DC3s) in LN kidneys, which exhibited a positive correlation with the severity of LN. In contrast to their counterparts in blood, DC3s in LN kidney displayed activated and highly proinflammatory phenotype. DC3s showed strong interactions with CD4+ T cells, contributing to intrarenal T cell clonal expansion, activation of CD4+ effector T cell and polarisation towards Th1/Th17. Injured proximal tubular epithelial cells (iPTECs) may orchestrate DC3 activation, adhesion and recruitment within the LN kidneys. In cultures, blood DC3s treated with iPTECs acquired distinct capabilities to polarise Th1/Th17 cells. Remarkably, the enumeration of kidney DC3s might be a potential biomarker for induction treatment response in LN patients. CONCLUSION: The intricate interplay involving DC3s, T cells and tubular epithelial cells within kidneys may substantially contribute to LN pathogenesis. The enumeration of renal DC3 holds potential as a valuable stratification feature for guiding LN patient treatment decisions in clinical practice.

Clinical Characteristics of Kawasaki Disease in Children with Different Age Groups: A Literature Review and Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute self-limiting systemic vascular disease commonly observed in children less than 5 years of age. The present study comparatively assesses the clinical characteristics of children diagnosed with KD in different age groups. Furthermore, a comprehensive literature review on the clinical features and diagnostic guidelines of KD is performed. METHODS: This was a retrospective study conducted on the data of KD children admitted to the Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China, from January 2016 to December 2018. The children were divided into 3 age groups, including children < 1 year of age (group A, n = 66), 1-5 years of age (group B, n = 74), and children > 5 years of age (group C, n = 14). Complete clinical evaluation, hematological, and cardiovascular assessments were conducted and compared between the three groups. RESULTS: The time of diagnosis, hemoglobin, and neutrophil ratio of children in group A were significantly lower than the other two groups (p < 0.05), while the platelet count was significantly higher (p < 0.05). The proportion of incomplete KD (iKD) was the greatest in group A (40.9%), while the proportion of children with increased coronary Z value and aseptic meningitis was greater than that in group B (p < 0.0167). Group A showed less patients with KD shock syndrome (KDSS) than the other two groups (p < 0.05). Group B showed the greatest number of patients with arthralgia compared to the other two groups (p < 0.05). Three groups showed no significant difference to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The younger the age of KD onset, the more atypical the conditions are, with a greater risk of affecting other systems and a higher incidences of coronary artery disease. An early treatment with glucocorticoids might be helpful in older children and those with a greater high-risk KD warning score to prevent coronary injury.

Leflunomide Is Safe and Effective for the Induction and Maintenance of Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis Remission.

Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of leflunomide in idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) disease control and glucocorticoid attenuation. Methods: The efficacy of leflunomide was determined based on disease control, safety, and glucocorticoid attenuation. Result: A total of 46 children with IPH were included in the present study. Of these 31 patients had been unsuccessfully treated with glucocorticoids before admission at our hospital and did not achieve complete remission; the other 15 patients had not previously received steroids. Leflunomide combined with glucocorticoid was administered to all patients, and all were followed up for a median duration of 3 years. The average hemoglobin level significantly increased and the median minimum steroid dose was significantly decreased after leflunomide administration. Conclusion: Leflunomide safely and effectively induced and maintained IPH remission and decreased IPH relapse and glucocorticoid dose.

Novel DNA Promoter Hypermethylation in Nasal Epithelium of Asthma.

BACKGROUND: Abnormal epigenetic alterations influenced by external factors and affecting DNA expression contribute to the development of asthma. However, the role of the nasal epithelium in airway inflammation remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to identify novel DNA promoter hypermethylation, which suppresses mRNA expression in nasal epithelial of asthma. METHODS: Microarray datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Gene expression and DNA promoter methylation sites in key correlated modules between asthma and normal were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Gene Oncology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes were conducted to analyse the function of genes. Further validation was performed in human BEAS-2B cells challenged by IL-4 or IL-13. RESULTS: Lightcyan, lightgreen, midnightblue, cyan and tan modules in the mRNA expression dataset showed a close relationship with asthma, in which genes were enriched in TNF, IL-17, ErbB, MAPK and Estrogen signalling pathways. Blue and turquoise modules in the methylation profiling dataset were associated with asthma. Forty nine lowly expressed genes were identified to be correlated with aberrant DNA hypermethylation of promoters. Among these genes, the mRNA levels of BCL10, GADD45B, LSR and SQSTM1 were downregulated in BEAS-2B cells challenged with IL-4 or IL-13. CONCLUSION: Four potential genes in the nasal epithelium, by hypermethylating their own DNA promoter, might mediate the inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of asthma. Analyzing epigenomic data by integrated bioinformatics helps to understand the role of DNA methylation in asthma, with the goal of providing new perspectives for diagnosis and therapy.

Prognostic significance of blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio in chronic HFpEF.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic significance of blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine ratio specifically in chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) patients remained unclear. We aimed to evaluate the association of BUN/creatinine ratio (baseline level and visit-to-visit variation) with the risk of adverse clinical outcomes among patients with chronic HFpEF. METHODS AND RESULTS: This is a secondary analysis of the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) trial. Of the enrolled 3445 participants in the TOPCAT trial, associations between BUN/creatinine and clinical outcomes were examined in a subset of 1521 (baseline measurements level) and 1453 (visit-to-visit variation) participants. A multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess the prognostic significance of BUN/creatinine ratio and BUN/creatinine ratio variation for the prespecified clinical outcomes. A higher BUN/creatinine ratio was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.52, 95%CI, 1.21-1.91; p < .001) as well as cardiovascular disease mortality (HR = 1.83, 95%CI, 1.35-2.49; p < .001) in the fully adjusted model. Greater visit-to-visit variability in BUN/creatinine ratio tended to be independently associated with a higher risk of heart failure hospitalization and primary endpoint (p < .001 for both outcomes). Furthermore, those findings were consistent across participants stratified by the presence of chronic kidney disease at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Higher BUN/creatinine ratio and greater BUN/creatinine ratio variability are independently associated with adverse outcomes in HFpEF participants in the TOPCAT trial.

PTPRH Alleviates Airway Obstruction and Th2 Inflammation in Asthma as a Protective Factor.

PURPOSE: PTPRH inhibits EGFR activity directly in cancer patients and activated EGFR induces goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus hypersecretion in asthma. However, the function of PTPRH in asthma remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to access the association of PTPRH with asthma and its underlying mechanism. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We examined the PTPRH level in asthma patients (n = 108) and healthy controls (n = 35), and analyzed the correlations between PTPRH and asthma-related indicators. Human bronchial epithelial cell (HBECs) transfected with PTPRH and asthma mouse model were set up to investigate the function of PTPRH. RESULTS: The expression of PTPRH was significantly increased and correlated with pulmonary function parameters, including airway obstruction, and T-helper2 (Th2) associated markers in asthma patients. PTPRH increased in the house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthmatic mice, while Th2 airway inflammation and Muc5ac suppressed when treated with PTPRH. Accordingly, PTPRH expression was markedly increased in IL-13-stimulated HBECs but PTPRH over-expression suppressed MUC5AC. Moreover, HBECs transfected with over-expressed PTPRH inhibited the phosphorylation of EGFR, ERK1/2 and AKT, while induced against PTPRH in HBECs dephosphorylated of EGFR, ERK1/2 and AKT. CONCLUSION: PTPRH reduces MUC5AC secretion to alleviate airway obstruction in asthma via potential phosphorylating of EGFR/ERK1/2/AKT signaling pathway, which may provide possible therapeutic implications for asthma.

Increased MMP12 mRNA expression in induced sputum was correlated with airway eosinophilic inflammation in asthma patients: Evidence from bioinformatic analysis and experiment verification.

BACKGROUND: Asthma is a common chronic airway inflammatory disease worldwide. Studies on gene expression profiles in induced sputum may provide noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for asthma. OBJECTIVE: To investigate mRNA expression of MMP12 in induced sputum and its relationship with asthma airway eosinophilic inflammation. METHODS: GSE76262 dataset was analyzed using R software, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. The top ten hub genes were screened with Cytoscape software (version 3.8.4). We then verified the mRNA expression of MMP12 in two other datasets (GSE137268 and GSE74075) via ROC curve estimates and our induced sputum samples using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Finally, we explored the correlation between MMP12 with asthmatic eosinophilic-related indicators. RESULTS: We obtained the top ten hub genes, namely, CCL17, CCL2, CSF1, CCL22, CCR3, CD69, FCGR2B, CD1C, CD1E, and MMP12 via expression profile screening and validation on the GSE76262 dataset. MMP12 was selected as the candidate gene through further validation on GSE137268 and GSE74075 datasets. Finally, we demonstrated that the mRNA expression of MMP12 is significantly upregulated in induced sputum of asthmatic patients (p < 0.05) and significantly correlated with eosinophilic-related indicators (p < 0.05). These findings indicated that MMP12 can act as a diagnostic biomarker for asthma. CONCLUSION: Our study successfully identified and demonstrated that MMP12 is a potential diagnostic biomarker for asthma due to its high expression and association with eosinophilic-related indicators. The results of this study can provide novel insights into asthmatic diagnosis and therapy in the future.

Chest pain in a mid-aged woman, not simply myopericarditis: a case report of anti-Ku positive polymyositis.

BACKGROUND: Anti-Ku is a rare antibody which can be positive in some rheumatic diseases and it might be related to cardiac involvement. Polymyositis is an inflammatory myopathy, and its cardiac involvement seldom presents as myopericarditis and anti-Ku positive. CASE PRESENTATION: In this case, we report a mid-aged woman with chest pain, upper limbs weakness and fever unrelated with infection. The diagnosis of this case was unquestionably myopericarditis supported by ECG, cardiac MRI and negative findings in coronary arteries. Diagnosis of polymyositis was further clarified by the evidence of persistently increased CK, degeneration of proximal muscle in MRI, muscular dystrophy with lymphocytes infiltration in muscle biopsy. In the analysis of autoantibodies, we surprisingly discovered positive anti-Ku. Glucocorticoid and mycophenolate mofetil were then prescribed for polymyositis. Patient follow-up indicated remission of both myopericarditis and polymyositis. We finally clarified this rare case as a positive anti-Ku polymyositis with myopericarditis as cardiac involvement. CONCLUSION: This report presents a rare case with anti-Ku positive polymyositis and the cardiac involvement of polymyositis was manifested as myopericarditis. Therefore, positive anti-Ku might explain the myopericarditis as cardiac involvement in polymyositis. More cases and longer duration of follow-up is required for the comprehensive understanding of the disease.

Visit-to-Visit Blood Pressure Variability and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

[Figure: see text].

Dynamic changes in lymphocyte subsets and parallel cytokine levels in patients with severe and critical COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: The lack of knowledge regarding the pathogenesis and host immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection has limited the development of effective treatments. Thus, we longitudinally investigated the dynamic changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and parallel changes in cytokine levels in COVID-19 patients with different disease severities to further address disease pathogenesis. METHODS: A total of 67 patients (10 moderate, 38 severe and 19 critical cases) with COVID-19 admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Wuhan from February 8th to April 6th, 2020 were retrospectively studied. Dynamic data of lymphocyte subsets and inflammatory cytokines were collected. RESULTS: On admission, compared with moderate cases, severe and critical cases showed significantly decreased levels of total lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells and NK cells. IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly higher in the critical group. During the following hospitalization period, most of the lymphocyte subsets in the critical group began to recover to levels comparable to those in the severe group from the fourth week after illness onset, except for NK cells, which recovered after the sixth week. A sustained decrease in the lymphocyte subsets and an increase in IL-6 and IL-10 were observed in the nonsurvivors until death. There was a strong negative correlation between IL-6 and IL-10 and total lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and NK cells. CONCLUSIONS: A sustained decrease in lymphocyte subsets, especially CD4+ T cells and NK cells, interacting with proinflammatory cytokine storms was associated with severe disease and poor prognosis in COVID-19.

Clinical characteristics and viral shedding kinetics of 38 asymptomatic patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A retrospective observational study.

ABSTRACT: This study aims to investigate the clinical characteristics and viral shedding kinetics of asymptomatic patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).The data of 38 asymptomatic patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid were collected from February to March 2020 in Tuanfeng County, Huanggang, Hubei, China. The epidemiology, laboratory examination, chest imaging, viral nucleic acid test results, clinical characteristics, and viral shedding time were summarized in this retrospective study.The study included 20 family members of patients with COVID-19, 10 medical personnel participating in COVID-19 treatment or working in a fever clinic, 6 personnel from quarantine places, 1 individual with a close contact history with confirmed patients, and 1 local epidemic prevention personnel. All were positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid. The white blood cell (WBC) count, the absolute value of lymphocytes, C-reactive protein (CRP), and D-dimer were normal. Pneumonia manifestations were not found in the chest computed tomography (CT) scan of 36 patients; the remaining 2 cases included a 1-year-old child and a pregnant woman, and they did not undergo chest CT. The viral shedding time was 6 days.All asymptomatic patients with COVID-19 had a history of close contact or exposure. Laboratory tests were normal. Chest imaging did not show any pneumonia manifestation. The viral shedding time was <10 days, which is shorter than that of patients with COVID-19. A timely discovery of such asymptomatic infections is crucial for blocking the spread of the virus and strengthening the prevention and control measures.

Sex differences in group 2 innate lymphoid cell-dominant allergic airway inflammation.

There were gender differences in the prevalence and severity of allergic diseases. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were recently reported to play a critical role in allergic diseases. We investigated the sex-dependent differences in ILC2-dominant allergic airway inflammation model using T\B cell-deficient mice, and determined the gender differences of ILC2 levels in patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Female mice exhibited higher levels of inflammatory infiltration and large production of IL-5 and IL-13, especially for ILC2 levels compared to male mice with the induction of IL-33. However, no significant differences were found for the levels of circulating ILC2s between the genders of patients. The treatment of testosterone significantly decreased the intracellular type 2 cytokines in ILC2s and the proliferation of pure ILC2s in response to epithelial cytokines. Our study suggested the sex differences and the involvement of androgen on ILC2s in allergic diseases.

Clinical outcome in pediatric refractory gastrointestinal Henoch-Schönlein purpura treated with mycophenolate mofetil.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical outcome of mycophenolate mofetil in pediatric refractory gastrointestinal (GI) Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP). Most of the HSP patients with GI symptoms may benefit from early introduction of glucocorticoid; however, a number of patients still do not achieve remission following the administration of steroids. Therefore, the present study was to investigate the clinical features and the clinical outcome of mycophenolate mofetil in refractory GI HSP. A total of 110 HSP patients with a median onset age of 6.3 years were included. Sixty-one (55.5%) exhibited GI involvement, and 18 (18/61, 29.5%) presented with refractory GI involvement, with a median onset age of 6.3 years. Intractable abdominal pain, GI hemorrhage, intussusception, and chronic ulcers were common presentations of GI involvement. Of those refractory ones, Arthralgia was observed in 9 cases and renal involvement was observed in 13 cases. Glucocorticoids were administered in all 18 patients, but remission was not achieved. However, complete remission of abdominal pain was achieved in all patients within a median time of 3 days (1-14 days) after mycophenolate mofetil therapy. The infection rate of Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus in the refractory group was significantly higher compared with that in non-refractory group.Conclusion: GI symptoms in HSP patients with refractory GI involvement were more severe compared with non-refractory cases. Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus infection may be risk factors for refractory GI HSP. The efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil treatment was evident in these patients. What is Known: • Abdominal pain, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, intussusceptions, and intestinal perforation were the main presentations of gastrointestinal involvement in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. What is New: • Epstein-Barr virus and Cytomegalovirus infection may be the high risk factor of refractory GI. Refractory gastrointestinal Henoch-Schönlein purpura was associated with renal involvement. • Mycophenolate mofetil treatment was effective for refractory gastrointestinal Henoch-Schönlein purpura.

Role of Exosomal miRNAs in Heart Failure.

Heart failure is the terminal outcome of the majority of cardiovascular diseases, which lacks specific diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. It contributes to most of cardiovascular hospitalizations and death despite of the current therapy. Therefore, it is important to explore potential molecules improving the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that have been reported to be involved in regulating processes of heart failure. After the discovery of miRNAs in exosomes, the subcellular distribution analysis of miRNAs is raising researchers' attention. Growing evidence demonstrates that exosomal miRNAs may be promising diagnostic and therapeutic molecules for heart failure. This review summarizes the role of exosomal miRNAs in heart failure in the prospect of molecular and clinical researches.

The vascular densities of the macula and optic disc in normal eyes from children by optical coherence tomography angiography.

PURPOSE: This study aims to describe the variation and characteristics of vessel density (VD) of the macula and optic disc in the normal eyes of children. METHODS: This was a retrospective study where subjects aged 5-18 years with normal eyes were enrolled. The macula and optic disc were scanned by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). The influences of age, gender, and axial length (AL) on VD were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 71 normal eyes from 71 subjects were enrolled. For the macula, the mean VD of fovea, parafovea, and perifovea at superficial retina and deep retina were 20.1%, 50.2%, 49.4%, 36.1%, 53.9%, and 48.1%, respectively. The mean foveal avascular zone (FAZ) was 0.277 mm2. For optic disc, the mean VD of radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) and inside-disc areas were 51.8% and 51.7%, respectively. Significant differences were found between the superior-hemi and inferior-hemi VD of the superficial retinal parafovea, deep retinal perifovea, and perifovea. The fovea VD of the superficial and deep retina and FAZ areas were different between genders. The inside-disc VD was positively correlated with AL, while other VDs had no significant correlation with age and AL. CONCLUSIONS: The parafovea VD of the superficial retina, parafovea, and perifovea of the deep retina had superior-hemi VD; boys had a higher fovea VD and smaller FAZ area than those of girls, the macular VD and peripapillary RPC density were steady for 5-18 year-olds. This study provided useful information for furthering the understanding of the development mode of vessel in children and the OCTA clinical applications in children.

A Novel RAG1 Mutation in a Compound Heterozygous Status in a Child With Omenn Syndrome.

Omenn syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe, combined immunodeficiency and autoimmune features. In this case study, we found Omenn syndrome in a 3-month-old boy with recurrent infection, erythroderma, axillary lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. The numbers of eosinophile granulocytes and the levels of immunoglobulin E in his blood were distinctly elevated. Circulating B cells were absent, and the numbers of activated T lymphocytes were present in his peripheral blood. The production of T cell cytokines was significantly higher in the patient compared to the control samples except for interferon gamma. Whole exome sequencing revealed that the patient carried compound heterozygous mutations in the RAG1 gene, which included a previously undescribed frameshift mutation (exon 2, 2491_2497del, p. K830fsX4) and a missense mutation (exon 2, 2923 C > T, p.R975W).

Paramyxoviruses respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and human metapneumovirus infection in pediatric hospitalized patients and climate correlation in a subtropical region of southern China: a 7-year survey.

To investigate the features of paramyxovirus respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection and determine the effect of meteorological conditions in Guangzhou, a subtropical region of southern China. We collected 11,398 respiratory samples from hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness between July 2009 and June 2016 in Guangzhou. The samples were tested simultaneously for 18 respiratory pathogens using real-time PCR. Local meteorological data were also collected for correlation analysis. Of 11,398 patients tested, 5606 (49.2%) patients tested positive for one or more pathogens; RSV, PIV, and HMPV were the first, sixth, and ninth most frequently detected pathogens, in 1690 (14.8%), 502 (4.4%), and 321 (2.8%) patients, respectively. A total 17.9% (4605/5606) of patients with positive results had coinfection with other pathogens. Significant differences were found in the prevalence of RSV, PIV, and HMPV among all age groups (p < 0.001). RSV and HMPV had similar seasonal patterns, with two prevalence peaks every year. PIV appeared alternatively with RSV and HMPV. Multiple linear regression models were established for RSV, PIV, and HMPV prevalence and meteorological factors (p < 0.05). RSV and PIV incidence was negatively correlated with monthly mean relative humidity; RSV and HMPV incidence was negatively correlated with sunshine duration; PIV incidence was positively correlated with mean temperature. We described the features of paramyxovirus infection in a subtropical region of China and highlighted the correlation with meteorological factors. These findings will assist public health authorities and clinicians in improving strategies for controlling paramyxovirus infection.

Epidemiology of HBoV1 infection and relationship with meteorological conditions in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness: a 7-year study in a subtropical region.

BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is an important cause of acute respiratory illness (ARI), yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric patients were studied in a subtropical region of China. METHODS: Samples from 11,399 hospitalized pediatric patients (≤14 years old), with ARI were tested for HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens using real-time PCR, between July 2009 and June 2016. In addition, local meteorological data were collected. RESULTS: Of the 11,399 patients tested, 5606 (49.2%) were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen. Two hundred forty-eight of 11,399 (2.2%) were positive for HBoV1 infection. Co-infection was common in HBoV1-positive patients (45.2%, 112/248). A significant difference in the prevalence of HBoV1 was found in patients in different age groups (p < 0.001), and the peak prevalence was found in patients aged 7-12 months (4.7%, 56/1203). Two HBoV1 prevalence peaks were found in summer (between June and September) and winter (between November and December). The prevalence of HBoV1 was significantly positively correlated with mean temperature and negatively correlated with mean relative humidity, and the mean temperature in the preceding month had better explanatory power than the current monthly temperature. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a better understanding of the characteristics of HBoV1 infection in children in subtropical regions. Data from this study provide useful information for the future control and prevention of HBoV1 infections.