[Analysis on acupoint selection rules for impotence treated with acupuncture and moxibustion in ancient based on data mining technology].

Based on the data mining technology, the rules of acupoint selection and prescription were analyzed for impotence treated with acupuncture and moxibustion in ancient recorded in Zhonghua Yidian. By taking "yangwei" and "yinwei" as the searching terms, the database of Zhonghua Yidian (the 5th edition) were retrieved and the relevant information of impotence, such as prescription provision, acupoints and use frequency were extracted. Using the software, e.g. Microsoft Excel and Weka 3.8.4, the rules of acupoint selection and prescription for impotence treated with acupuncture and moxibustion in ancient were analyzed. Fifty five provisions of acupoint prescriptions were in compliance with the requirements and screened. Of them, there were 17 compound prescriptions and the rest were the single-point prescriptions, with 24 acupoints involved. Regarding the use frequency of acupoints in treatment of impotence, the top 5 acupoints were Yingu (KI 10), Ququan (LR 8), Qichong (ST 30), Taichong (LR 3) and Rangu (KI 2). The cluster analysis found that Yingu (KI 10), Ququan (LR 8)-Qichong (ST 30), Taichong (LR 3)-Rangu (KI 2)-Xingjian (LR 2), and Mingmen (GV 4)-Zhongfeng (LR 4)-Yuji (LU 10)-Yanggu (SI 5) were formed the group prescriptions respectively. Multilayer correlation analysis discovered that the commonly used meridians were the liver meridian of foot-jueyin, the kidney meridian of foot-shaoyin, the stomach meridian of foot-yangming and the conception vessel. The acupoints selected were generally on the lower extremities, the abdomen and the upper extremities. Regarding the special points, the five-shu points and the convergent points were mostly involved. By the analysis on compound prescriptions, 3 patterns of acupoint combination were discovered, the prescription by taking Yingu (KI 10), Rangu (KI 2) and Zhongfeng (LR 4) as the key points, the one by taking Shenshu (BL 23) and Yanggu (SI 5) as the key points and the relevant fixed combination of 4 acupoints, including Taichong (LR 3), Xingjian (LR 2), Neiting (ST 44) and Xiangu (ST 43). By the analysis on the compound prescriptions, 3 common meridian combinations were found, including the combination with the kidney meridian predominated, the relevant fixed combination with the liver meridian and the stomach meridian and the one with small intestine meridian and the lung meridian.

[Application of special acupoints for chronic gastritis in ancient literature of acupuncture and moxibustion].

The application of special acupoints for different primary symptoms of chronic gastritis in ancient literature of acupuncture and moxibustion was analyzed and summarized. With keywords, electronic and manual retrieval of ancient literature being performed to establish a database, the association rules were performed with SPSS Modeler 18. As a result, ① among all the 2243 items included, 109 items mentioned special acupoints (excluding those only mentioned crossing acupoint). The frequency of special acupoints was 2554 (71.7%), and the special acupoints on the spleen meridian, the stomach meridian, the conception vessel were frequently used. The frequency of five-shu point was highest, followed by front-mu points. ② The special acupoints for four main primary symptoms of chronic gastritis, "stomachache" "vomiting and regurgitation" "belching and acid regurgitation" and "epigastric fullness", included Zusanli (ST 36), Neiguan (PC 6), Zhongwan (CV 12), Gongsun (SP 4), Taibai (SP 3). In addition, the back-shu points were also selected to treat the primary symptoms other than "epigastric fullness". Zhangmen (LR 13) was added to treat "belching and acid regurgitation". The combination of Neiguan (PC 6) and Gongsun (SP 4) showed the strongest correlation; due to different primary symptoms, the combination had different emphasis.

[Acupoints selection rules analysis of ancient acupuncture for urinary incontinence based on data mining technology].

Based on ancient literature of acupuncture in Canon of Chinese Medicine (4th edition), the articles regarding acupuncture for urinary incontinence were retrieved and collected to establish a database. By Weka data mining software, the multi-level association rules analysis method was applied to analyze the acupoints selection characteristics and rules of ancient acupuncture for treatment of urinary incontinence. Totally 356 articles of acupuncture for urinary incontinence were collected, involving 41 acupoints with a total frequency of 364. As a result, (1) the acupoints in the yin-meridian of hand and foot were highly valued, as the frequency of acupoints in yin-meridians was 2.6 times than that in yang-meridians, and the frequency of acupoints selected was the most in the liver meridian of foot-jueyin; (2) the acupoints in bladder meridian of foot-taiyang were also highly valued, and among three yang-meridians of foot, the frequency of acupoints in the bladder meridian of foot-taiyang was 54, accounting for 65.85% (54/82); (3) more acupoints selected were located in the lower limbs and abdomen; (4) specific acupoints in above meridians were mostly selected, presenting 73.2% (30/41) to the ratio of number and 79.4% (289/364) to the frequency, respectively; (5) Zhongji (CV 3), the front-mu point of bladder meridian, was seldom selected in the ancient acupuncture literature, which was different from modern literature reports. The results show that urinary incontinence belongs to external genitalia diseases, which should be treated from yin, indicating more yin-meridians be used and special acupoints be focused on. It is essential to focus inheritance and innovation in TCM clinical treatment, and applying data mining technology to ancient literature of acupuncture could provide classic theory basis for TCM clinical treatment.

[Difference of volatile constituents contained in female and male flowers of Trichosanthes kirilowii by HS-SPME-GC-MS].

OBJECTIVE: To compare and analyze volatile constituents from flowers of Trichosanthes kirilowii, in order to point out characteristic differences between female and male flowers. METHOD: Blooming female and male flowers were collected in the same place. Volatile constituents were extracted from the flower by solid phase micro-extraction (SPME), then separated and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULT: Fifty-two and forty-five chromatographic peaks were separated from the female and male flowers, respectively. Forty seven constituents were identified and their relative percentage compositions were determined with the peak area normalization method. Linalool, alpha-farnesene, benzene methanol, and (Z)-2-methylbutanal oxime were the main volatile constituents. The contents of linalool and alpha-farnesene in female flower were remarkably higher than those in male. In contrast, the content of benzene methanol in male flower was remarkably higher than that in female. CONCLUSION: In the first study on chemical constituents from flowers in genus Trichosanthes, 37 compounds are separated from T. kirilowii. Contents of linalool, alpha-farnesene and benzene methanol show the characteristic differences of volatile constituents contained in male and female flowers of T. kirilowii, which enriches the basic studies on dioecious plant.

[Chemical constituents contained in Populus tomentosa].

OBJECTIVE: To separate and identify chemical constituents from stem barks of male plants of Populus tomentosa. METHOD: Fresh stem barks of P. tomentosa were extracted with methanol to obtain extracts which were suspended in water and blended successively with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Various chromatographic techniques were used to separate and purify the constituents extracted with ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions. Their structures were identified on the basis of their physicochemical properties and spectral data. RESULT: Twelve compounds were separated with ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions and identified as benzoic acid (1), daucosterol (2), tremuloidin (3), rhamnocitrin (4), sakuranetin (5), 7-O-methylaromadendrin (6), isograndidentatin A (7), siebolside B (8), sakuranin (9), micranthoside (10), alpha-D-glucopyranose (11), and sucrose (12). CONCLUSION: Compounds 4-12 were separated from this plant for the first time. Of them, compound 10 was separated from this plant genus for the first time.

[Chemical constituents contained in fatty oil from seeds of Cucumis sativus].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents contained in the seeds of Cucumis sativus. METHOD: The fatty oil was extracted by heating and refluxing with petroleum ether. Potassium hydroxide-methanol solution was used for saponification. An unsaponifiable matter was extracted by EtOAc and separated with various chromatographic methods. Its structure was identified on the basis of their physicochemical properties and spectral data. The fatty acid fraction was methyl-esterified and determined by GC. The composition and relative content of fatty acid were determined with normalization method of peak area. RESULT: 24-ethylcholesta-7, 22, 25-trienol (1), 24-ethylcholesta-7, 25-dienol (2) ,avenasterol (3), spinasterol (4), karounidiol (5) and isokarounidiol (6) were separated and identified from the unsaponifiable matter. Myristic acid (7, 0.12%), palmitic acid (8, 12.04%), palmitoleic acid (9, 0.09%), heptadecanoic acid (10, 0.06%), stearic acid (11, 5.64%), oleic acid (12, 6.95%), linoleic acid (13, 74.40%), arachidic acid (14, 0.19%), and alpha-linolenic acid (15, 0.51%) were identified from the fatty acids part. CONCLUSION: Compounds 5, 6, 9, 10, 14,and 15 were first reported in C. sativus.

[Effect of Tween 80 on yuxingcao injection and volatile oils from Houttuynia cordata].

OBJECTIVE: To research the effect of polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) on Yuxingcao injection and volatile oils from Houttuynia cordata. METHOD: 1H-NMR spectra of aldehydic and new matter in Yuxingcao injection, volatile oils of H. cordata, and solutions of Tween 80 and volatile oil of H. cordata are determined and compared from various angles of growing origin, storage temperature, and storage time. RESULT: Three aldehydic singlets in 1H-NMR spectra of every volatile oil from 4 aerial part of H. cordata were observed. These aldehydic peaks were basically disappeared and a new peak at delta 8.30 was found in 1H-NMR spectra of the volatile oil solutions in tween 80. Any obvious aldehydic peak in 1H-NMR spectra did not be observed in Yuxincao injection. A weak peak at 8 8.30 was found in 1H-NMR spectra in Yuxincao injection, and the peak high of delta 8.30 was remarked gone up when the injection was stored in 40 degrees C for 1 to 3 months. CONCLUSION: Tween 80 might cause the obvious reduce of aldehydic compounds contents and the production of a novel singal at delta 8.30 in 1H-NMR spectra when it was mixed with the volatile oil from the aerial part of H. cordata. The novel signal at delta 8.30 in 1H-NMR spectra existed in Yuxincao injection and was very small, but was increased remarkably when the Yuxincao injection was stored at 40 degrees C for 1 month at least.