Development of Nylon 6 nanofibers modified with Cyanex-272 for cobalt recovery.

With a worldwide ever increasing demand for metals, particularly for the manufacture of electronics and batteries, there is not only a concurrent need to recover these materials from their subsequent waste streams but also a need to make advancements to do this via development of more efficient and eco-friendly processes for metal recovery; solid-phase extraction can be considered a promising alternative to conventional processes. This work studied the production of novel nanofibers modified with Cyanex 272 and their application in the recovery of cobalt present in aqueous solution The nanofibers produced by forcespinning were characterized by SEM, FT-IR and TGA and the extraction of cobalt was evaluated by variation of the pH, solid:liquid (S:L) ratio, extraction time and Cyanex 272 content in the nanofibers. The best extraction efficiency was 99.96%, achieved under the following conditions: pH 8; (S:L) ratio of 1:200; 25% of Cyanex 272; Extraction time of 60 min. The maximum extraction capacity obtained was 15.46 mg Co/g of nanofiber and 70.15 mg Co/g of extractor. In successive reuse cycles, the results demonstrated that the extraction efficiency was maintained at over 85%. The findings showed that Nylon 6/Cyanex 272 nanofibers are a new robust and promising material for the recovery of heavy metals from aqueous solution, confirming that nanofibers have an efficiency similar to conventional liquid-liquid extraction, without the disadvantage of volatile organic compounds emissions generated by the use of organic diluents.

Phosphate adsorption improvement using a novel adsorbent by CaFe/LDH supported onto CO2 activated biochar.

It is imperative to remove phosphate from the aquatic system. This nutrient in excess can cause environmental problems such as eutrophication. Therefore, aiming to enhance phosphate removal, this work presents a novel adsorbent developed from the construction of Ca2+/Fe3+ layer double hydroxides (CaFe/LDH) supported onto biochar physically activated with CO2 [CaFe/biochar (CO2)]. Pristine biochar was produced from the pyrolysis of Eucalyptus saligna sawdust, activated with CO2, and then impregnated with CaFe/LDH. The CaFe/biochar (CO2) was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The characterization confirmed a proper synthesis of the new adsorbent. Experiments were conducted in the form of batch adsorption. Results indicated that the optimum pH and adsorbent dosage were 2.15 and 0.92 g L-1, respectively. Adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics were also evaluated. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms were better fitted by the pseudo n order and Freundlich models, respectively. Results also indicated a better adsorption capacity (99.55 mg·g-1) at 55 °C. The thermodynamic indicators depicted that the adsorption process was favorable, spontaneous, and endothermic. Overall, CaFe/biochar (CO2) could be potentially applied for the adsorptive removal of phosphate from an aqueous solution.

Production of polyacrylonitrile nanofibres modified with Cyanex 272 for recovery of gallium from solution.

The objectives of this work were to develop polyacrylonitrile nanofibres modified with the commercial Cyanex 272 extractor and apply them for the recovery of gallium present in aqueous solution. The nanofibres were produced using the centrifugation technique, employing Forcespinning® equipment. The average nanofibre diameter ranged from 530 to 840 nm. The highest adsorption of gallium was achieved at pH 2.5, with a pseudo-second order kinetic model and the Freundlich equilibrium isotherm model providing the best fits of the experimental data. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption was spontaneous, favourable, and endothermic. The maximum capacity of the PAN/Cyanex 272 nanofibres for the recovery of gallium was 38.93 mg g-1. In successive reuse cycles, the nanofibres showed a small decrease of the adsorption capacity for the metal after the first cycle, while the efficiency remained constant in the subsequent cycles. The desorption efficiency remained constant throughout the cycles, with values in the range 80%-90%. The findings demonstrated that PAN/Cyanex 272 nanofibres have excellent potential for use as adsorbents, providing good capacity for the recovery of gallium and satisfactory stability during reuse in several cycles.

Evaluation of filter media covered with spun fibres and containing thyme essential oil with antimicrobial properties.

Inhalation of bioaerosols has been linked to many health problems. Filter media impregnated with antimicrobial material can provide effective removal and inactivation of bioaerosols. In this study, fibres were spun on a substrate by centrifugal spinning, obtaining filter media denoted 5THY and THY. Thyme essential oil was used as an antimicrobial agent. For 5THY, the thyme essential oil was added to the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) solution, while for THY, it was sprayed onto the medium after the fibres had been produced. The THY medium presented a higher collection efficiency, compared to the substrate or 5THY, with efficiencies of 99% for microparticles and 58% for nanoparticles. Using the plaque assay method, THY provided the highest reductions of the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with efficiency of 99.999%. The findings demonstrated that filter media covered with spun fibres and containing thyme essential oil provided excellent antimicrobial action and filtration performance.

Recovery of copper and aluminium from coaxial cable wastes using comparative mechanical processes analysis.

This work aims to perform a comparative study of two mechanical processes for the recycling of metals from coaxial cables (aluminium and copper-clad steel): Process I - comminution, sieving and electrostatic separation; and Process II - comminution, magnetic separation and electrostatic separation. Characterization techniques were performed on the cables to discover their composition. The parameters evaluated of electrostatic separation were: roll speed (n), electrostatic electrode distance (D2), voltage applied to the electrodes (U) and splitter angle (γ). The best conditions for electrostatic separation were: Process I - n = 30 rpm, D2 = 8 cm, U = 30 kV and γ = 0°; Process II - n = 10 rpm, D2 = 10 cm, U = 25 kV and γ = 2.5°. Process I presented aluminium with purity of 99.51% and recovery efficiency of 94.53%, as well as copper-clad steel with purity of 96.79% and recovery efficiency of 99.68%. Process II presented aluminium with purity of 96.51% and recovery of 70.12%, as well as copper-clad steel with purity of 99.53% and recovery of 99.46%. A simplified economic assessment was performed on both process, and Process I has demonstrated to be the most profitable for coaxial cable recycling. The results showed that Process I is promising for the recovery of metals from cables due to its simplicity and lower cost, being capable of wide application to other processes that contain a mixture of conductive and non-conductive particles.

Alternative treatments to improve the potential of rice husk as adsorbent for methylene blue.

Alternative treatments, such as, NaOH, ultrasound assisted (UA) and supercritical CO2 (SCO2), were performed to improve the potential of rice husk as adsorbent to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous media. All the treatments improved the surface characteristics of rice husk, exposing its organic fraction and/or providing more adsorption sites. The Langmuir and Hill models were able to explain the MB adsorption for all adsorbents in all studied temperatures. The experimental and modeled parameters demonstrated that the MB adsorption was favored by the temperature increase and by the use of NaOH-rice husk. The maximum adsorption capacities for the MB solutions (ranging from 10 to 100 mg L-1), estimated from the Langmuir model at 328 K, were in the following order: NaOH rice-husk (65.0 mg g-1) > UA-rice husk (58.7 mg g-1) > SCO2-rice husk (56.4 mg g-1) > raw rice husk (52.2 mg g-1). The adsorption was a spontaneous, favorable and endothermic process. In general, this work demonstrated that NaOH, UA and SCO2 treatments are alternatives to improve the potential of rice husk as adsorbent.

Adsorption of valuable metals from leachates of mobile phone wastes using biopolymers and activated carbon.

In this work, chitin (CTN), chitosan (CTS) and activated carbon (AC) were used as adsorbents to recover valuable metals from leachates of mobile phone wastes. The mobile phone wastes (contactors) were collected and characterized. The valuable metals were extracted by thiourea leaching. The adsorption of valuable metals from leachates was studied according to the kinetic and equilibrium viewpoints. It was found that the contactors were composed by Au, Ni, Cu and Sn. The thiourea leaching provided extraction percentages of 68.6% for Au, 22.1% for Ni and 2.8% for Cu. Sn was not extracted. The leachate presented 17.5 mg L-1 of Au, 324.9 mg L-1 of Ni and 573.1 mg L-1 of Cu. The adsorption was fast, being the equilibrium attained within 120 min. The adsorption of Au, Ni and Cu onto CTN and AC followed the Langmuir model, while, the adsorption of these metals onto CTS, followed the Freundlich model. Removal percentages higher than 95% were obtained for all metals, depending of the type and amount of adsorbent. It was demonstrated that the adsorption onto chitin, chitosan and activated carbon can be an alternative to recover valuable metals from leachates of mobile phone wastes.

Comparison between Brazilian agro-wastes and activated carbon as adsorbents to remove Ni(II) from aqueous solutions.

This research was performed to find an alternative, low-cost, competitive, locally available and efficient adsorbent to treat nickel (Ni) containing effluents. For this purpose, several Brazilian agro-wastes like sugarcane bagasse (SCB), passion fruit wastes (PFW), orange peel (OP) and pineapple peel (PP) were compared with an activated carbon (AC). The adsorbents were characterized. Effects of fundamental factors affecting the adsorption were investigated using batch tests. Kinetic and equilibrium studies were performed using conventional models. It was verified that the adsorption was favored at pH of 6.0 for all agro-wastes, being dependent of the Ni speciation, point of zero charge and surface area of the adsorbents. The Ni removal percentage was in the following order: SCB > OP > AC > PFW > PP. From the kinetic viewpoint, the Elovich model was appropriate to fit the Ni adsorption onto SCB, while for the other adsorbents, the pseudo-first-order model was the most suitable. For all adsorbents, the Langmuir model was the more adequate to represent the equilibrium data, being the maximum adsorption capacities of 64.1 mg g(-1), 60.7 mg g(-1), 63.1 mg g(-1), 48.1 mg g(-1) and 64.3 mg g(-1) for SCB, PFW, OP, PP and AC, respectively. These results indicated that mainly SCB and OP can be used as alternative adsorbents to treat Ni containing effluents.

Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.

Continuing technological development decreases the useful lifetime of electronic equipment, resulting in the generation of waste and the need for new and more efficient recycling processes. The objective of this work is to study the effectiveness of supercritical fluids for the leaching of cobalt contained in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). For comparative purposes, leaching tests are performed with supercritical CO2 and co-solvents, as well as under conventional conditions. In both cases, sulfuric acid and H2O2 are used as reagents. The solution obtained from the supercritical leaching is processed using electrowinning in order to recover the cobalt. The results show that at atmospheric pressure, cobalt leaching is favored by increasing the amount of H2O2 (from 0 to 8% v/v). The use of supercritical conditions enable extraction of more than 95wt% of the cobalt, with reduction of the reaction time from 60min (the time employed in leaching at atmospheric pressure) to 5min, and a reduction in the concentration of H2O2 required from 8 to 4% (v/v). Electrowinning using a leach solution achieve a current efficiency of 96% and a deposit with cobalt concentration of 99.5wt%.

Recovery of valuable materials from spent NIMH batteries using spouted bed elutriation.

In recent years, a great increase in the generation of spent batteries occurred. Then, efficient recycling ways and correct disposal of hazardous wastes are necessary. An alternative to recover the valuable materials from spent NiMH batteries is the spouted bed elutriation. The aim of this study was to apply the mechanical processing (grinding and sieving) followed by spouted bed elutriation to separate the valuable materials present in spent NiMH batteries. The results of the manual characterization showed that about 62 wt.% of the batteries are composed by positive and negative electrodes. After the mechanical separation processes (grinding, sieving and spouted bed elutriation), three different fractions were obtained: 24.21 wt.% of metals, 28.20 wt.% of polymers and 42.00 wt.% of powder (the positive and negative electrodes). It was demonstrated that the different materials present in the spent NiMH batteries can be efficiently separated using a simple and inexpensive mechanical processing.

Biosorption of gold from computer microprocessor leachate solutions using chitin.

The biosorption of gold from discarded computer microprocessor (DCM) leachate solutions was studied using chitin as a biosorbent. The DCM components were leached with thiourea solutions, and two procedures were tested for recovery of gold from the leachates: (1) biosorption and (2) precipitation followed by biosorption. For each procedure, the biosorption was evaluated considering kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic aspects. The general order model was able to represent the kinetic behavior, and the equilibrium was well represented by the BET model. The maximum biosorption capacities were around 35 mg g(-1) for both procedures. The biosorption of gold on chitin was a spontaneous, favorable, and exothermic process. It was found that precipitation followed by biosorption resulted in the best gold recovery, because other species were removed from the leachate solution in the precipitation step. This method enabled about 80% of the gold to be recovered, using 20 g L(-1) of chitin at 298 K for 4 h.

Surface modification of chitin using ultrasound-assisted and supercritical CO2 technologies for cobalt adsorption.

Ultrasound-assisted (UA) and supercritical CO2 technologies (SCO2) were used to modify the chitin surface and, improve its adsorption characteristics regarding to cobalt. Chitin, before and after the treatments, was characterized by N2 adsorption isotherms (BET), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Unmodified and surface modified chitins were used as adsorbents to remove cobalt from aqueous solutions. The adsorption study was performed by equilibrium isotherms and kinetic curves. The chitin particle characteristics, such as, surface area, pore volume and porosity were improved by the UA and SCO2 treatments. The crystallinity index decreased after the UA and SCO2 treatments, and also, intense surface modifications were observed. Langmuir and Freundlich models were adequate to represent the adsorption equilibrium. The maximum adsorption capacities were 50.03, 83.94 and 63.08 mg g(-1) for unmodified chitin, UA surface modified chitin and SCO2 surface modified chitin. The adsorption kinetic curves were well represented by the pseudo-second order model. UA and SCO2 technologies are alternatives to modify the chitin surface and improve its adsorption characteristics.

Changes in calcium-dependent membrane permeability properties in mitochondria of livers from arthritic rats.

The involvement of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) in the responses of mitochondria from adjuvant-induced arthritic rats to Ca(2+) addition was investigated. The respiratory activity, the Ca(2+)-induced osmotic swelling and the electrophoretic (45)Ca(2+) uptake were evaluated in the absence and in the presence of cyclosporin A (CsA), a well-known inhibitor of the mitochondrial PTP. The Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) process occurred in mitochondria from arthritic rats even in the presence of a low Ca(2+) concentration. Whereas in the normal condition, the Ca(2+)-induced uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and osmotic swelling was observed in the presence of 10 or 20 microM Ca(2+) concentration, in the arthritic condition, these events occurred at 1.0 microM concentration. In addition, mitochondria from arthritic rats presented an impaired ability to accumulate (45)Ca(2+). All these effects were completely prevented by the administration of CsA. The results of the present study suggest that the higher sensitivity of mitochondria from arthritic rats to Ca(2+)-induced MPT may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of the arthritis disease.