Non-pharmacological rehabilitation interventions for individuals with antiphospholipid syndrome: A scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to explore what non-pharmacological interventions have been examined for individuals with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature search of the databases PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and ClinicalTrials.gov from 1983-Feb. 2023. Our scoping review included studies that examined non-pharmacological interventions for individuals with APS using patient-reported outcome measures. We excluded studies that reported physiological outcomes only. RESULTS: The review yielded one case study on the safety and efficacy of an exercise program for a 15-year-old male with secondary APS using physiological and patient-reported outcome measures. Despite the lack of evidence of non-pharmacological interventions for individuals with APS, one excluded study reported that individuals with APS want guidance about physical activity and exercise. We also found several types of potentially relevant non-pharmacological interventions for individuals with lupus, a disease that often co-occurs with APS. CONCLUSIONS: Non-pharmacological interventions may offer a solution for addressing some non-thrombotic or non-obstetric APS symptoms, such as neurological, physical, and cognitive symptoms that are not well-controlled by anticoagulation. Due to the unique risks associated with APS, research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions, particularly those involving exercise. Adopting a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to managing patients with APS and involving rehabilitation professionals, who are experts in the design and delivery of non-pharmacological interventions, may provide a foundation for developing and testing novel interventions that improve health outcomes while also fulfilling unmet needs reported by patients.

Unusual Case of Plastic Bronchitis Presenting with Pneumopericardium.

BACKGROUND Lymphatic circulation in the thorax enters the systemic blood flow at the subclavian vein. Instances where diversion occurs leads to complications such as pleural effusion. A rare complication of lymphatic diversion results in fluid accumulation in the bronchial tree, causing plastic bronchitis. The following case is the first ever report of plastic bronchitis presenting with pneumopericardium. CASE REPORT A 24-year-old female presented to our Emergency Department with an asthma exacerbation. After initiating bronchodilators, a chest radiograph (CXR) showed extensive subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, and pneumothorax with atelectasis of the left lung. Chest tomography supported the CXR findings, as well as a finding of pneumopericardium. A thoracostomy tube was placed and a mediastinal window and pericardial window procedure were performed in an attempt to relieve the pressure upon the collapsed lung. Despite these invasive procedures, there was minimal improvement of lung volume with further respiratory deterioration; the patient eventually required mechanical ventilation. Bronchoscopy was performed, which evacuated a white chalky and rubbery substance that created a mold of the bronchial airways. Following the bronchoscopy, the patient's respiratory status improved, requiring less ventilator support, and that patient was successfully extubated. CONCLUSIONS This case highlights the most crucial management of a patient presenting with pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and pneumopericardium due to plastic bronchitis. Plastic bronchitis should be high on the list of differential diagnoses. The management of plastic bronchitis with bronchoscopy is supported by the fact that no invasive therapy such as thoracostomy tube or mechanical ventilator alleviated the problem, however, bronchoscopy removed the worm-like cast lodged within the lumen of the bronchial tree.