ABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to compare the levels and relative responses of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Skin Temperature (Tsk) of the lower limbs (LLs) of elite soccer players following three consecutive games with short intervals (< 4 days). Eleven male professional athletes (age, 29.26 ± 4.52 years) from an Brazil elite team were evaluated, with measurements obtained before (Baseline), and at Post-Games times (24, 48 and 72h). CRP and Tsk levels at 24 h and 48 h Post-Games times were higher than Baseline levels (CRP, p < 0.001, d > 0.9; Tsk, p < 0.04, d > 0.58), additionally, the levels of these variables (CRP vs. Tsk) showed positive correlations (p < 0.05, rs = 0.60-0.88). The relative responses these variables were evaluated (Δ%CRP; Δ%Tsk). The 48h responses of Game 3 are respectively higher than 48 h responses of games 1 and 2, in Δ%CRP (p < 0.03; G3 vs. G1, r = 0.66; G3 vs. G2, r = 0.88) and in Δ%Tsk (p < 0.003; G3 vs. G1, r = 0.88; G3 vs. G2, r = 0.88). The 48 h Post-Game time seems to represent valuable contributions to understanding the development regarding the magnitude and duration of inflammatory processes associated with recovery. Additionally, the positive correlations that were verified allow an increase in the robustness of the analysis of the load of consecutive games through CRP and Tsk of the LLs. Then, these results indicate a physiological stress and a probable cumulative effect of the game loads due to short intervals (< 4 days), which is reinforced by the verified outcome of the Total Distance covered (G3 < G2, p = 0.003; r = 0.88). These findings can contribute to better load control and greater robustness of injury prevention programs.
Subject(s)
Athletic Performance , Soccer , Adult , Athletic Performance/physiology , Biomarkers , Brazil , C-Reactive Protein , Humans , Lower Extremity , Male , Skin Temperature , Soccer/physiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
This study aimed to investigate the correlation between strength and skin temperature (Tsk) asymmetries in the lower limbs of elite soccer players before and after a competitive season. The sample (n = 20) was composed of elite male soccer players. Strength asymmetry and Tsk asymmetry was measured through the countermovement jump (CMJ) test and infrared thermography, respectively. Asymmetries were quantified using the symmetry angle (SA) equation. A strong correlation was found between the SA of rate of force development (RFD) and the SA of Tsk before (baseline) (r = 0.7; r2 = 0.43; p = 0.03) and after (r = 0.6; r2 = 0.42; p = 0.04) the competitive season. Moreover, after the competitive season there were significant decreases in Peak force (p < 0.018), Impulse (p < 0.04), RFD (p = 0.0001) and CMJ height (p = 0.05), and significant increases in Tsk (p < 0.03), C-reactive protein (p = 0.03), Creatine kinase (p = 0.0001) and Cortisol (p = 0.04), even after a 3-day rest interval (no training). These results suggest that the CMJ test can be combined with infrared thermography for monitoring strength asymmetry and contribute to the prevention of muscle injuries.
Subject(s)
Lower Extremity/physiology , Muscle Strength , Skin Temperature , Soccer/physiology , Adult , Athletes , Humans , Male , Thermography , Young AdultABSTRACT
We aimed to create a single subjective method to assess both internal training loads and subsequent fatigue. This new training-fatigue (dose-response) scale (TFS) was composed of two similar scales with the same properties, metrics and construction criteria. These two scales were designed to rate the perceived exertion (RPETFS) and perceived fatigue (RPFTFS) in professional soccer players. Twenty-two athletes participated to establish reliability, and 15 participated to establish validity. For reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM) were used. For criterion validity, the Spearman's correlation coefficient and linear regression analyses were applied. Associations between RPETFS and RPFTFS were verified by a chi square test, and a further factorial exploratory analysis was conducted. RPETFS and RPFTFS were found to be reliable (ICC 0.74 and 0.77, SEM 0.30 and 0.30, respectively) and valid. RPETFS was best explained by the internal load of the Banister training impulse (p < 0.001), while RPFTFS was best explained by the internal load of the Stagno training impulse (p < 0.001). An association was found between the scales (RPETFS and RPFTFS) in which training duration had a more substantial impact on these subjective perceptions than did training intensity (p < 0.01). RPETFS and RPFTFS scales are reliable and valid for monitoring training sessions in Brazilian professional soccer players. The simultaneous oscillations of the RPETFS and RPFTFS scores can be used by staff members to better plan weekly training programs based on dose-response ratings. Finally, training duration must be carefully controlled because it has a greater impact than intensity on subjective perceptions.
ABSTRACT
Four new alkaloids (1-4) were isolated from the marine sponge Axinella brevistyla, and their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The alkaloids 1-4 were antifungal against the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae at <1.0, <1.0, 30, and 100 microg/disk, respectively. Compounds 1-3 also exhibited cytotoxicity against L1210 cells with IC(50) values of 1.1, 0.66, and 2.5 microg/mL, respectively.
Subject(s)
Alkaloids/isolation & purification , Antifungal Agents/isolation & purification , Antineoplastic Agents/isolation & purification , Porifera/chemistry , Pyrroles/isolation & purification , Alkaloids/chemistry , Alkaloids/pharmacology , Animals , Antifungal Agents/chemistry , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Japan , Leukemia L1210 , Mass Spectrometry , Molecular Conformation , Molecular Structure , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular , Pyrroles/chemistry , Pyrroles/pharmacology , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/drug effects , Spectrophotometry, Infrared , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effectsABSTRACT
1. Investigated were the effects of a new oral antidiabetic drug, troglitazone, and its three metabolites and antidiabetic drug candidates pioglitazone and rosiglitazone on xenobiotic oxidations catalyzed by nine recombinant human cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) enzymes and by human liver microsomes. 2. Troglitazone (5 microM) significantly inhibited CYP2C8-dependent paclitaxel 6alpha-hydroxylation and CYP2C9-dependent S-warfarin 7-hydroxylation. On the other hand, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone (50 microM) only slightly inhibited these xenobiotic oxidation activities catalyzed by CYP2C enzymes. 3. The inhibitory potential of troglitazone (50% inhibition concentration, IC50) was approximately 5 microM for drug oxidations catalyzed by CYP2C9 and CYP2C8 and approximately 20 microM for activities catalyzed by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 respectively. For the three metabolites of troglitazone tested, a quinone-type metabolite (M3) was the most potent inhibitor for CYP2C enzymes, followed by a sulphate conjugate (M1); effects of a glucuronide (M2) were very weak. The inhibitory effects of the parent drug were more potent than those of metabolites. Troglitazone and M3 inhibited P450 activities mainly through a competitive manner with Ki = 0.2-1.7 microM and 1.4-8.8 microM respectively. 4. In three human liver microsomes, troglitazone and its metabolites also inhibited paclitaxel 6alpha-hydroxylation, S-warfarin 7-hydroxylation, S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation, and testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation with similar IC50, as observed for the recombinant P450 enzyme systems. 5. These results suggest that xenobiotic oxidations by P450 enzymes are more substantially affected by troglitazone and its metabolites than pioglitazone or rosiglitazone, and that drug interactions may be of much importance to understand the basis for the pharmacological and toxicological actions of this new oral antidiabetic drug.
Subject(s)
Chromans/pharmacology , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Thiazoles/pharmacology , Thiazolidinediones , Xenobiotics/metabolism , Chromans/pharmacokinetics , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors , Isoenzymes/metabolism , Kinetics , Microsomes, Liver/enzymology , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Oxidation-Reduction , Pioglitazone , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Rosiglitazone , Thiazoles/pharmacokinetics , TroglitazoneABSTRACT
A 66-year-old-man with carotid stenosis complicated by coronary disease is reported. He suffered from mild motor weakness on the right side and speech disturbance. Radiological examination revealed 90% stenosis at the cervical portion of the left internal carotid artery, and two-vessel coronary disease. In order to prevent intraoperative cardiac stroke, initial percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA), was performed and the subsequent carotid endarterectomy (CEA) was performed successfully. Preoperative symptoms gradually improved and he was discharged as ambulatory. Because atherosclerosis is always systemic, patients with carotid artery disease should be examined for coronary disease. We recommend greater use of coronary angiography and, when a lesion is found, the use of PTCA, which is a safer method in terms of preventing intraoperative cardiac stroke of CEA than any other method.
Subject(s)
Carotid Stenosis/complications , Coronary Disease/complications , Aged , Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary , Carotid Artery, Internal/surgery , Carotid Stenosis/surgery , Coronary Disease/therapy , Endarterectomy, Carotid , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
Traumatic intraorbital arteriovenous fistula is rare and only 2 cases have been reported. The authors report the case of a 70-year-old man with consciousness disturbance after non-penetrating head injury. CT scan showed diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage in the basal cistern, and angiography on the next day revealed ophthalmic artery-superior ophthalmic vein fistula in the right orbit. During the clinical course of this lesion, there was mild chemosis of the right eye, without palsy of extraocular muscles. Both papilledema and bruit were absent. Conservative treatment was chosen. On the 26th day after the head injury, repeated angiography showed complete disappearance of the fistula. The patient was discharged on the 39th day without neurological deficit. In the other two reported cases, intraorbital A-V fistulae were caused by direct-penetrating injury. But, in the present case the head injury was non-penetrating and blunt type. The pathogenesis was considered to be indirect injury of the intraorbital vessels at the retrobulbar portion, approximately where the artery and the vein crossed. As regards to treatment, simple observation may be the first choice, and spontaneous obliteration can be expected. If this does not occur, either embolization or ligation of the ophthalmic artery is suggested as the second choice as proposed by Freitas MAL et al.
Subject(s)
Arteriovenous Fistula/etiology , Craniocerebral Trauma/complications , Ophthalmic Artery , Orbit/blood supply , Aged , Arteriovenous Fistula/diagnostic imaging , Cerebral Angiography , Humans , Male , Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/etiology , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Veins , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/complicationsABSTRACT
The present study documented progressive reductions of electromyographic potentials in a biofeedback study involving instructions to 11 female and 5 male college students to both increase and decrease the feedback (and therefore the muscle tension). When only pre-experimental baselines were employed, electromyographic reductions were found with instructions to decrease the feedback. When repeated, nontreatment baseline conditions were employed as references for analysis, no electromyographic reductions were detected beyond the progressive reductions that occurred during those baselines.