6G-Powered Efficient Resource Control through IRS-UE Association.

The widespread popularity of live streaming, cloud gaming, mobile video streaming, and many real-time applications relies on high-speed data to ensure low latency and seamless user experience. This large high-speed data demand has led to the development of next-generation or sixth-generation (6G) communication technology. It aims to offer high-speed communication support to multiple applications and interactive services simultaneously. But the vulnerability of node communication to the changing propagation environment often leads to call drops, data loss, and high latency. This paper presents a 6G-enabled wireless network that makes use of multiple intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs). The distributed IRSs enhance the robustness of transmission but the increased overhead owing to multiple IRSs is the main challenge. To overcome this, efficient resource control is introduced, which associates sets of IRSs to user equipment (UE). An algorithm, namely IUABP (IRS-UE association based on pilots), is proposed; it offers selective resource control. Furthermore, the performance of the distributed IRS system is evaluated based on the achievable sum rate for different IRS numbers, reflecting elements, and transmit powers. We observed that the proposed association scheme offers an improvement of 30% in the achieved sum rate using N = 50 and R = 5 at a transmit power of 12 dBm. We also discuss the comparison with two other association schemes, namely, distance-based association and random association.

Robust Resource Control Based on AP Selection in 6G-Enabled IoT Networks.

The diverse application vertices of internet-of-things (IoT) including internet of vehicles (IoV), industrial IoT (IIoT) and internet of drones things (IoDT) involve intelligent communication between the massive number of objects around us. This digital transformation strives for seamless data flow, uninterrupted communication capabilities, low latency and ultra-high reliability. The limited capabilities of fifth generation (5G) technology have given way to sixth generation (6G) wireless technology. This paper presents a dynamic cell-free framework for a 6G-enabled IoT network. A number of access points (APs) are distributed over a given geographical area to serve a large number of user nodes. A pilot-based AP selection (PBAS) algorithm is proposed, which offers robust resource control through AP selection based on pilots. Selecting a subset of APs against all APs for each user node results in improved performance. In this paper, the performance of the proposed transmission model is evaluated for the achieved data rate and spectral efficiency using the proposed algorithm. It is shown that the proposed PBAS algorithm improves the spectral efficiency by 22% at the cell-edge and 1.5% at the cell-center. A comparison of the different combining techniques used at different user locations is also provided, along with the mathematical formulations. Finally, the proposed model is compared with two other transmission models for performance evaluation. It is observed that the spectral efficiency achieved by an edge node with the proposed scheme is 5.3676 bits/s/Hz, compared to 0.756 bits/s/Hz and 1.0501 bits/s/Hz, attained with transmission schemes 1 and 2, respectively.

Energy efficient IRS assisted 6G network for Industry 5.0.

The real world applications are more prone to difficulties of challenges due to fast growth of technologies and inclusion of artificial intelligence (AI) based logical solutions. The massive internet-of-things (IoT) devices are involved in number of Industry 5.0 applications like smart healthcare, smart manufacturing, smart agriculture, smart transportation. Advanced wireless techniques, customization of services and different technologies are experiencing a major transformation. The desire to increase the communication reliability without adding energy overhead is the major challenge for massive IoT enabled networks. To cope up with the above challenges, Industry 5.0 requirements needs to be monitored at the remote level which again adds on the communication challenge. Use of relays in 6G based wireless networks is denied due to high requirement of energy. Therefore in this paper, Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) assisted energy constrained 6G wireless networks are studied. To provide seamless connection between the communicating mobile nodes, IRS with an array of reflecting elements are configured in the system set up. A use-case scenario of IRS enabled network in Internet-of-Underwater things (IoUT) for smart ocean transportation is also provided. The IRS assisted wireless network is evaluated for target rates achieved. A power consumption model of the IRS supported system is also proposed to optimise the energy efficiency of the system. Further, the paper evaluates the impact of number of reflecting elements N on the IRS and the phase resolution b of each element on the system performance. The energy efficiency improves by 20% for IRS with [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] over IRS with [Formula: see text].

Interference Aware Resource Control for 6G-Enabled Expanded IoT Networks.

Emerging consumer devices rely on the next generation IoT for connected support to undergo the much-needed digital transformation. The main challenge for next-generation IoT is to fulfil the requirements of robust connectivity, uniform coverage and scalability to reap the benefits of automation, integration and personalization. Next generation mobile networks, including beyond 5G and 6G technology, play an important role in delivering intelligent coordination and functionality among the consumer nodes. This paper presents a 6G-enabled scalable cell-free IoT network that guarantees uniform quality-of-service (QoS) to the proliferating wireless nodes or consumer devices. By enabling the optimal association of nodes with the APs, it offers efficient resource management. A scheduling algorithm is proposed for the cell-free model such that the interference caused by the neighbouring nodes and neighbouring APs is minimised. The mathematical formulations are obtained to carry out the performance analysis with different precoding schemes. Further, the allocation of pilots for obtaining the association with minimum interference is managed using different pilot lengths. It is observed that the proposed algorithm offers an improvement of 18.9% in achieved spectral efficiency using partial regularized zero-forcing (PRZF) precoding scheme at pilot length τp=10. In the end, the performance comparison with two other models incorporating random scheduling and no scheduling at all is carried out. As compared to random scheduling, the proposed scheduling shows improvement of 10.9% in obtained spectral efficiency by 95% of the user nodes.

Advances of waste management practices in India and China along with bibliometric assessment of their research outcomes.

This paper presents the progress made by India and China in the field of waste management and its disposal since l996 to 2020. To access it, bibliometric analysis has been carried out using SCOPUS linked SCImago electronic database. Different bibliometric indicators such as documents, citable documents, external and self-citations, and external and self-citations per document along with their annual corresponding growth (ACG) have been calculated in order to explore the progresses made in both the countries. China has contributed 16.3% and India 4.3% to the total documents produced worldwide during 1996-2020 in waste management with the average ACG of 26.42% and 15.37%, respectively, during the same time span. Also, the average ACG for self-citations of published research documents is more than that of external citations for both the countries. In addition to that, the average self-citation magnitude reported for China (28,475) is more than that of India (5223), whereas this trend reverses in the case of average external citation per document with values 16.9 and 28.94, respectively. Moreover, the waste management practices being followed in both countries have also been compared and also presented so that it could be beneficial for the country which is relatively not good in the same.