ABSTRACT
The critical step in colorectal cancer progression and associated mortality is cancer invasion, which depends on two key gelatinase enzymes, matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9. Dried longan ( Euphoria longana Lam.) seed is a rich natural source of antioxidant polyphenols.This study evaluated the effect of dried longan seeds on colon cancer cell invasion via gelatinase function and expression. Three dried longan seed fractions were collected by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. They showed a potent inhibitor on colorectal cancer cell invasion and gelatinase activity. The antigelatinase activities of fractions 1 and 2 were a direct effect via Zn²âº chelation, whereas fraction 3 modulated indirectly through suppression of zymogen activators. Among the fractions, only fraction 3 reduced the gelatinase expression, which was correlated with the levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and may as well involve the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways. This primary research has manifested and encouraged the anticancer properties of dried longan seed extracts with potential inhibitory effects on cancer cell invasion as well as antigelatinase activity and expression in colon cancer cells.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Matrix Metalloproteinases, Secreted/antagonists & inhibitors , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Sapindaceae/chemistry , Seeds/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival/drug effects , Colonic Neoplasms/enzymology , Colonic Neoplasms/pathology , Humans , Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/chemistry , Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/chemistry , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism , Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors/isolation & purification , Matrix Metalloproteinases, Secreted/metabolism , Neoplasm Invasiveness/prevention & control , Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This preliminary study aimed to determine the intrarater reliability of the quantitative tests for the study of non-specific low back pain. METHODS: Test-retest reliability of the measurements of ratio data was determined by an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurements (SEMs), coefficient of variation (CV), and one-way repeated measures ANOVA using the values collected from 13 young individuals (25.8 ± 6.2 years) with chronic non-specific low back pain on two occasions separated by 2 days. Percent agreement of the ordinal data was also determined by Cohen's Kappa statistics (kappa). The measures consisted of tissue blood flow (BF), average pain visual analog scales (VAS), pressure pain threshold (PPT), cold pain threshold (CPT), heat pain threshold (HPT) and lumbo-pelvic stability test (LPST). An acceptable reliability was determined as the ICC values of greater than 0.85, SEMs less than 5%, CV less than 15%, the kappa scores of greater than 80% and no evidence of systematic error (ANOVA, P>0.05). RESULTS: ICC of all measures in the lumbo-sacral area were greater than 0.87. The kappa was also greater than 83%. Most measures demonstrated a minimal error of measurements and less potential of systemic error in nature. Only the SEMs and the CV of the CPT exceeded the acceptable level. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that most of the quantitative measurements are reliable for the study of non-specific low back pain, however the CPT should be applied with care as it has a great variation among individuals and potential of measurement error.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is often delayed due to lack ofa simple and effective screening test in primary care settings. OBJECTIVE: To determine sensitivity and specificity of the validated 7 Minute Screen (7 MS) Thai version in screening elders with mild to moderate AD. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The original 7 MS was translated and modified to be appropriate for Thai elders. The validity and reliability of the test were obtained. The 7 MS was administered to community-dwelling elders in Chiang Mai province. AD was diagnosed by a neurologist based on NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. All AD cases were confirmed by MRI. RESULTS: One hundred forty nine elders (20 AD; mean age 79.10 +/- 5.49 yrs and 129 non-AD; mean age 74.17 +/- 6.88 yr) participated. The Thai version of 7 MS was valid (IOC = 0.96) and reliable (ICC = 0.99). It had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 89.9% in discriminating elders with mild to moderately severe AD from non-AD. CONCLUSION: The Thai version of 7 MS has a high level of sensitivity and specificity for detecting elders with mild to moderate AD. The test is suitable to use in primary care settings since it is simple, can be rapidly administered by allied health professions with minimal training requirement.
