Effect of bariatric surgery on metabolism in diabetes and obesity comorbidity: Insight from recent research.

Obesity is a prevalent cause of diabetes mellitus (DM) and is a serious danger to human health. Type 2 DM (T2DM) mostly occurs along with obesity. Foodborne obesity-induced DM is caused by an excessive long-term diet and surplus energy. Bariatric surgery can improve the symptoms of T2DM in some obese patients. But different types of bariatric surgery may have different effects. There are some models built by researchers to discuss the surgical procedures' effects on metabolism in diabetes animal models and diabetes patients. It is high time to conclude all this effects and recommend procedures that can better improve metabolism.

Fasting blood glucose predicts high risk of in-stent restenosis in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a cohort study.

Objectives. Studies have shown that fasting blood glucose (FBG) is closely associated with poor prognosis in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), but its association with in-stent restenosis (ISR) is still unclear. Therefore, this study was to explore the association between FBG with ISR in patients with CHD after PCI. Design. In this cohort study, we included 531 patients with CHD who underwent PCI. Logistic regression, receiver operating characteristic (ROC), subgroup analysis and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were used to assess the association between FBG with ISR. Results. A total of 124 (23.4%) patients had ISR. Patients with higher levels of FBG had higher incidence of ISR compared to those with lower levels of FBG (p = 0.002). In multivariable logistic regression analyses, higher levels of FBG remained strongly associated with higher risk of ISR (as a categorical variable, OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.21-2.94, p = 0.005; as a continuous variable, OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.03-1.23, p = 0.011). ROC analysis also showed that FBG might be associated with the occurrence of ISR (AUC = 0.577, 95% CI: 0.52-0.64, p = 0.013). Subgroup analyses showed the association of FBG with ISR was also stable in several subgroups (< 60 years or ≥ 60 years, male, with or without smoking, without diabetes and without hypertension). And RCS analysis showed that FBG was linearly and positively associated with the risk of ISR. Conclusions. Higher levels of FBG were closely associated with higher risk of ISR in patients with CHD after PCI.

Predicting cerebral white matter lesions based on the platelet-to-white blood cell ratio in hypertensive patients.

Hypertension is a common chronic disease affecting many people. White matter lesions (WMLs) are one of the imaging features of cerebrovascular disease. Predicting the possibility of developing syncretic WMLs in patients with hypertension may contribute to the early identification of serious clinical conditions. This study aims to build a model to identify patients who suffered from moderate-to-severe WMLs by using recognized WMLs risk factors including age and history of diabetes and a new factor named platelet-to-white blood cell ratio (PWR). A total of 237 patients were included in this study. The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University Research Ethics Committee approved this study (Ethics No. 2019ZDSYLL189-P01). We developed a nomogram to predict the risk of syncretic WMLs in patients with hypertension using the above factors. Higher total scores on the nomogram indicated a higher risk of syncretic WMLs. This means older age, smaller PWR, and patients suffering from diabetes contributed to a greater chance for the patient to suffer from syncretic WMLs. We used a decision analysis curve(DCA) to determine the net benefit of the prediction model. The DCA we constructed showed that using our model to decide whether patients suffered from syncretic WMLs or not was better than assuming they all suffered from syncretic WMLs or all WMLs-free. As a result, the area under the curve of our model was 0.787. By integrating PWR, history of diabetes, and age, we could estimate integrated WMLs in hypertensive patients. This study provides a potential tool to identify cerebrovascular disease in patients with hypertension.

Role of ferroptosis in the process of diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of diabetes, is a critical and initiating contributor to the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiovascular complications. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Ferroptosis is a newly defined regulated cell death driven by cellular metabolism and iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Although the involvement of ferroptosis in disease pathogenesis has been shown in cancers and degenerative diseases, the participation of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of diabetic endothelial dysfunction remains unclear. AIM: To examine the role of ferroptosis in diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with high glucose (HG), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and ferroptosis inhibitor, and then the cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ferroptosis-related marker protein were tested. To further determine whether the p53-xCT (the substrate-specific subunit of system Xc-)-glutathione (GSH) axis is involved in HG and IL-1ß induced ferroptosis, HUVECs were transiently transfected with p53 small interfering ribonucleic acid or NC small interfering ribonucleic acid and then treated with HG and IL-1ß. Cell viability, ROS, and ferroptosis-related marker protein were then assessed. In addition, we detected the xCT and p53 expression in the aorta of db/db mice. RESULTS: It was found that HG and IL-1ß induced ferroptosis in HUVECs, as evidenced by the protective effect of the ferroptosis inhibitors, Deferoxamine and ferrostatin-1, resulting in increased lipid ROS and decreased cell viability. Mechanistically, activation of the p53-xCT-GSH axis induced by HG and IL-1ß enhanced ferroptosis in HUVECs. In addition, a decrease in xCT and the presence of de-endothelialized areas were observed in the aortic endothelium of db/db mice. CONCLUSION: Ferroptosis is involved in endothelial dysfunction and p53-xCT-GSH axis activation plays a crucial role in endothelial cell ferroptosis and endothelial dysfunction.

A Hydrogen-Deficient Nickel-Cobalt Double Hydroxide for Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting.

Developing highly efficient and low-cost photocatalysts for overall water splitting has long been a pursuit for converting solar power into clean hydrogen energy. Herein, we demonstrate that a nonstoichiometric nickel-cobalt double hydroxide can achieve overall water splitting by itself upon solar light irradiation, avoiding the consumption of noble-metal co-catalysts. We employed an intensive laser to ablate a NiCo alloy target immersed in alkaline solution, and produced so-called L-NiCo nanosheets with a nonstoichiometric composition and O2- /Co3+ ions exposed on the surface. The nonstoichiometric composition broadens the band gap, while O2- and Co3+ ions boost hydrogen and oxygen evolution, respectively. As such, the photocatalyst achieves a H2 evolution rate of 1.7 µmol h-1 under AM 1.5G sunlight irradiation and an apparent quantum yield (AQE) of 1.38 % at 380 nm.

Effects of hyperglycaemia and elevated glycosylated haemoglobin on contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary angiography.

In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention after acute myocardial infarction, hyperglycaemia on admission is associated with an increased risk of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). However, the effects of hyperglycaemia and elevated glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) on CIN have remained to be fully elucidated. Therefore, a prospective cohort study was performed, comprising 258 patients who underwent coronary angiography between May 2017 and November 2017 at Zhongda Hospital affiliated with Southeast University (Nanjing, China). According to the diagnostic criteria for CIN (increase of serum creatinine by >44.2 µmol/l or by 25% within 48-72 h of using contrast agent), the patients were divided into two groups: CIN (45 cases) and non-CIN (213 cases). For all patients, the baseline data, medical history, laboratory parameters, medication history and intraoperative situation were recorded and assessed using single-factor analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis to analyse the risk factors of CIN. The incidence of CIN in the hyperglycaemia group (blood glucose on admission, >11.1 mmol/l) was 25%, compared with 13.8% in the non-hyperglycaemia group (P=0.026). Furthermore, the incidence of CIN in the elevated HbA1c group (HbA1c on admission, upper limit of normal) was 26.1%, compared with 14.3% in the group without elevated HbA1c (P=0.027). Hyperglycaemia was present on hospital admission in 84 of 258 patients (32.6%). The percentage of patients with elevated HbA1c was 26.7%. Age, estimated glomerular filtration rate, pre-operative blood cholesterol, hyperglycaemia on admission and elevated HbA1c were all identified to be associated with CIN. According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, hyperglycaemia was an independent predictor of CIN (odds ratio, 2.815; 95% confidence interval, 1.042-4.581; P=0.029). In the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and diabetes subgroups, hyperglycaemia was significantly associated with CIN. In the ACS subgroup, the incidence of CIN was 38.1%. It was indicated that hyperglycaemia is an independent risk factor for CIN, particularly in patients with ACS or diabetes. Trial registration no. ChiCTR-OOC-17011466.

The 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter is functional in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells proliferation and is regulated by Interleukin-1 beta.

Abnormal human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (hCASMCs) proliferation and migration are key factors in coronary artery restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention. Platelets release 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), which is a strong mitogen for pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells proliferation and migration. Here, we investigated the effects of 5-HT and role of 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) on hCASMCs proliferation and migration. The 5-HT (10(-6)-10(-5) mol/l) significantly increased hCASMCs proliferation and migration, and these effects were inhibited by fluoxetine (10(-5) mol/l) and citalopram (10(-6) mol/l), two 5-HTT blocker. Overexpression in hCASMCs enhanced 5-HT induced cells proliferation and migration. The 5-HTT and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) expression were increased in rat balloon injury carotid arteries. Treatment with IL-1ß (10 ng/ml, 3d) upregulates 5-HTT expression in hCASMCs and increased 5-HT induced currents in Human Embryonic Kidney 293-5-HTT cells.

Photochemical Synthesis of Ultrafine Cubic Boron Nitride Nanoparticles under Ambient Conditions.

Cubic boron nitride (c-BN) is a super-hard material whose hardness increases dramatically with decreasing size. However, c-BN nanoparticles (NPs) with sizes less than 10 nm have never been obtained. Herein we report a simple strategy towards the synthesis of ultrafine c-BN NPs with an average size of 3.5 nm. The method, under ambient conditions, exploits a laser-induced photochemical effect and employs dioxane solution of ammonia borane (AB) as a liquid target. Meanwhile, total dehydrogenation of AB is realized by laser irradiation. Therefore, this approach shows great potential for the preparation of super-hard NPs as well as controllable dehydrogenation.

Tissue kallikrein is related to the severity of coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: The impairment of the tissue kallikrein (KLK1)-kinin system (KKS) may result in atheroma development. However, it remains unclear if the KKS correlates with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: KLK1, VEGF and hs-CRP plasma levels were measured in 100 patients newly diagnosed with CAD and 33 CAD-free controls. Patients were followed-up for the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) for 8months to 2y. Gene expression of KLK1, CD105 and CD68 was assessed in human coronary endarterectomy specimens. RESULTS: Patients with CAD and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) had significantly elevated KLK1 levels. In addition, the concentration of hs-CRP was increased in ACS patients. A strong positive correlation between plasma KLK1 and the severity of CAD was also demonstrated, suggesting that high KLK1 levels are an independent predictor for CAD. MACE during follow-up significantly correlated with KLK1 levels in the ACS group. Unstable coronary plaques demonstrated markedly increased KLK1 levels, macrophage infiltration and high microvessel density. Additionally, KLK1 staining primarily colocalized with macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, plasma KLK1 levels were a useful predictor for the presence and extent of CAD. More extensive studies are, however, necessary in order to validate these findings.

Transplantation of 5-azacytidine treated cardiac fibroblasts improves cardiac function of infarct hearts in rats.

BACKGROUND: Cellular cardiomyoplasty by transplantation of various cell types has been investigated as potential treatments for the improvement of cardiac function after myocardial injury. A major barrier for the clinical application of cell transplantation is obtaining sufficiently large quantities of suitable cells. Allogeneic cellular cardiomyoplasty may provide an alternative source of abundant, transplantable, myogenic cells by in vitro manipulation of cardiac fibroblasts using chemicals including 5-azacytidine. This study evaluated cardiomyogenic differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts, their survival in myocardial scar tissue, and the effect of the implanted cells on heart function. METHODS: Primary cardiac fibroblasts from neonatal rats were treated with 5-azacytidine (10 µmol/L) or control. Treatment of 5-azacytidine caused myogenic differentiation of cultured cardiac fibroblasts, as defined by elongation and fusion into multinucleated myotubes with sarcomeric structures as identified by electron microscopy, and positive immunostaining for cardiac specific proteins, troponin I and ß-myosin heavy chain (ß-MHC) and the gap junction protein connexin 43. The myogenic cells (1.0 × 106) were transplanted into the infarcted myocardium 2 weeks after coronary artery occlusion. RESULTS: By 1 month after transplantation, the converted fibroblasts gave rise to a cluster of cardiac-like muscle cells that in the hearts occupied a large part of the scar with positive immunostaining for the myogenic proteins troponin I and ß-MHC. Engrafted cells also expressed the gap junction protein connexin 43 in a disorganized manner. There was no positive staining in the control hearts treated with injections of culture medium. Heart function was evaluated at 6 weeks after myocardial injury with echocardiographic and hemodynamic measurements. Improvement in cardiac function was seen in the hearts transplanted with the 5-azacytidine-treated cardiac fibroblasts which was absent in the hearts treated with control. CONCLUSION: The 5-azacytidine has a unique capacity to induce myogenesis in cardiac fibroblasts in vitro and transplantation of cardiac-like muscle cells into ventricular scar tissue improves myocardial function.