An analysis of exogenous harmful substance exposure as risk factors for COPD and hypertension co-morbidity using PSM.

Background: Some occupational and environmental exposures could increase the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and hypertension in various work and living environments. However, the effect of exposure to multiple exogenous harmful substances on COPD and hypertension co-morbidities remains unclear. Methods: Participants were selected from eight hospitals in five provinces in China using a multistage cluster sampling procedure. Participants' demographic, exposure, and disease information were collected through questionnaires, spirometry, and blood pressure examinations. Demographic data were used as matching factors, and 1:1 matching between the exposed and non-exposed groups was performed by employing propensity score matching (PSM) to minimize the influence on the results. A one-way chi-squared analysis and multifactorial logistic regression were used to analyze the association between the exposure to exogenous harmful substances (metals and their compound dust, inorganic mineral dust, organic chemicals, and livestock by-products) and the co-morbidity of COPD and hypertension. Results: There were 6,610 eligible participants in the final analysis, of whom 2,045 (30.9%) were exposed to exogenous harmful substances. The prevalence of co-morbidities of COPD and hypertension (6.0%) in the exposure group was higher than their prevalence in the total population (4.6%). After PSM, exogenous harmful substance exposure was found to be a risk factor for the co-morbidity of COPD and hypertension [odds ratio (OR) = 1.347, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.011-1.794], which was not statistically significant before PSM (OR = 1.094, 95% CI: 0.852-1.405). Meanwhile, the results of different outcomes showed that the association between hypertension and exogenous harmful substance exposure was not statistically significant (OR = 0.965, 95% CI: 0.846-1.101). Smoking (OR = 4.702, 95% CI: 3.321-6.656), history of a respiratory disease during childhood (OR = 2.830, 95% CI: 1.600-5.006), and history of respiratory symptoms (OR = 1.897, 95% CI: 1.331-2.704) were also identified as risk factors for the co-morbidity of COPD and hypertension. Conclusion: The distribution of exogenous harmful substance exposure varies in the population, and the prevalence of co-morbidities is generally higher in susceptible populations. Exposure to exogenous harmful substances was found to be a key risk factor after adjusting for demographic confounders.

Intestinal microbiota promoted NiONPs-induced liver fibrosis via effecting serum metabolism.

Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) are toxic heavy metal compounds that induce liver fibrosis and metabolic disorders. Current research shows that the intestinal microbiota regulates liver metabolism through the gut-liver axis. However, it is unclear whether NiONPs affect the intestinal microbiota and the relationship between microbiota and liver metabolic disorders. Therefore, in this study, we established liver fibrosis model by administering 0.015, 0.06 and 0.24 mg/mL NiONPs through tracheal instillation twice a week for 9 weeks in rats, then we collected serum and fecal sample for whole metabolomics and metagenomic sequencing. As the result of sequencing, we screened out seven metabolites (beta-D-glucuronide, methylmalonic acid, linoleic acid, phosphotidylcholine, lysophosphatidylinositol, docosapentaenoic acid and progesterone) that related to functional alterations (p < 0.05), and obtained a decrease of probiotics abundances (p < 0.05) as well as a variation of the microbiota enzyme activity (p < 0.05), indicating that NiONPs inhibited the proliferation of probiotics. As the result of correlation analysis, we found a positive correlation between differential metabolites and probiotics, such as lysophosphatidylinositol was positively correlated with Desulfuribacillus, Jeotgallibacillus and Rummeliibacillus (p < 0.05). We also found that differential metabolites had correlations with differential proteins and enzymes of intestinal microbiota, such as glucarate dehydratase, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p < 0.05). Finally, we screened six metabolic pathways with both differential intestinal microbiota enzymes and metabolites were involved, such as pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and linoleic acid metabolism. In vitro experiments showed that NiONPs increased the transcriptional expression of Col1A1 in LX-2 cells, while reducing the mRNA expression of serine/threonine activators, acetyl coenzyme carboxylase, and lysophosphatidylinositol synthase, and short chain fatty acid sodium butyrate can alleviate these variation trends. The results proved that the intestinal microbiota enzyme systems were associated with serum metabolites, suggesting that the disturbance of intestinal microbiota and reduction of probiotics promoted the occurrence and development of NiONPs-induced liver fibrosis by affecting metabolic pathways.

Whole-transcriptome sequencing revealed differentially expressed mRNAs and non-coding RNAs played crucial roles in NiONPs-induced liver fibrosis.

Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) induced liver fibrosis, while its mechanisms associated with transcriptome remained unclear. This study aimed to investigate the roles of differentially expressed (DE) messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in NiONPs-induced liver fibrosis, and further confirm whether JNK/c-Jun pathway enriched by the DE RNAs was involved in the regulation of the disease. A liver fibrosis rat model was established by intratracheal perfusion of NiONPs twice a week for 9 weeks. Whole-transcriptome sequencing was applied to obtain expression profiles of mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the model rat and control liver tissues. Comparing the RNA expression profiles of the model and control liver tissues, we identified 324 DE mRNAs, 129 DE lncRNAs, 24 DE miRNAs and 33 DE circRNAs, and the potential interactions among them were revealed by constructing two co-expression networks, including lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA and circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks. Using RT-qPCR, we verified the sequencing results of some RNAs in the networks and obtained similar expression profiles, indicating our sequencing results were reliable and referable. Through Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, we predicted the biological functions and signaling pathways potentially related to NiONPs-induced liver fibrosis, such as "positive regulation of JNK cascade", "inflammatory response", "transcription factor binding", and MAPK, Wnt, PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. JNK/c-Jun pathway, a subclass of MAPK signal, was selected for further investigation because it was significantly enriched by fibrosis-related DE genes and activated in animal models. In vitro, we detected the cytotoxicity of NiONPs on LX-2 cells and treated the cells with 5 µg/ml NiONPs for 12 h. The results showed NiONPs induced the up-regulated protein expression of fibrotic factors collagen-1a1 (Col-1a1) and matrix metalloproteinas2 (MMP2) and JNK/c-Jun pathway activation. While these effects were reversed after JNK/c-Jun pathway was blocked by SP600125 (JNK pathway inhibitor), indicating the pathway was involved in NiONPs-induced excessive collagen formation. In conclusion, our results revealed the DE mRNAs and ncRNAs played crucial roles in NiONPs-induced liver fibrosis, and JNK/c-Jun pathway mediated the development of the disease.

Cardioprotective Effect of Decorin in Type 2 Diabetes.

Cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of increased mortality in diabetes. In the present study, we investigated the effects of decorin (DCN) gene therapy on left ventricular function, cardiac inflammation and fibrosis in type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by high fat diet (HFD, 60% of calories as fat) and STZ (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). Diabetic rats were divided into (n=6 for each group) the control group, the GFP-treated group and the DCN-treated group, received intravenous injection of saline solution, recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV)-GFP, and rAAV-DCN, respectively. We evaluated cardiac inflammation, fibrosis, left ventricular function at 6 months after gene delivery. Results turned out that rAAV-DCN treatment attenuated diabetic cardiomyopathy with improved LV function compared with control animals, which might be related to the reduced cardiac inflammation and fibrosis. These protective effects were associated with TGFß1 pathway (ERK1/2 and smad-2) and NF-κB pathway, which may due to the decreased activation level of IGF-IR, increased expression of PKC-α and Hsp70. In conclusion, our results show that rAAV-mediated DCN therapy may be beneficial in the treatment of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.

MiR-320a induces diabetic nephropathy via inhibiting MafB.

Multiple studies indicate that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in diabetes. However, the roles of miRNA in the target organ damages in diabetes remain unclear. This study investigated the functions of miR-320a in diabetic nephropathy (DN). In this study, db/db mice were used to observe the changes in podocytes and their function in vivo, as well as in cultured mouse podocyte cells (MPC5) exposed to high glucose in vitro. To further explore the role of miR-320a in DN, recombinant adeno-associated viral particle was administered intravenously to manipulate the expression of miR-320a in db/db mice. Overexpression of miR-320a markedly promoted podocyte loss and dysfunction in DN, including mesangial expansion and increased levels of proteinuria, serum creatinine and urea nitrogen. Furthermore, MafB was identified as a direct target of miR-320a through AGO2 co-immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter assay, and Western blotting. Moreover, re-expression of MafB rescued miR-320a-induced podocyte loss and dysfunction by upregulating the expressions of Nephrin and glutathione peroxidase 3 (Gpx3). Our data indicated that miR-320a aggravated renal disfunction in DN by targeting MafB and downregulating Nephrin and Gpx3 in podocytes, which suggested that miR-320a could be a potential therapeutic target of diabetic nephropathy.

Chinese society of cardiology expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of adult fulminant myocarditis.

Fulminant myocarditis is primarily caused by infection with any number of a variety of viruses. It arises quickly, progresses rapidly, and may lead to severe heart failure or circulatory failure presenting as rapid-onset hypotension and cardiogenic shock, with mortality rates as high as 50%-70%. Most importantly, there are no treatment options, guidelines or an expert consensus statement. Here, we provide the first expert consensus, the Chinese Society of Cardiology Expert Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Fulminant Myocarditis, based on data from our recent clinical trial (NCT03268642). In this statement, we describe the clinical features and diagnostic criteria of fulminant myocarditis, and importantly, for the first time, we describe a new treatment regimen termed life support-based comprehensive treatment regimen. The core content of this treatment regimen includes (i) mechanical life support (applications of mechanical respirators and circulatory support systems, including intraaortic balloon pump and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, (ii) immunological modulation by using sufficient doses of glucocorticoid, immunoglobulin and (iii) antiviral reagents using neuraminidase inhibitor. The proper application of this treatment regimen may and has helped to save the lives of many patients with fulminant myocarditis.

Overexpression of decorin promoted angiogenesis in diabetic cardiomyopathy via IGF1R-AKT-VEGF signaling.

Microcirculatory dysfunction is believed to play an important role in diabetic cardiomyopathy. The small leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin is generally considered a pro-angiogenic factor. Here, we investigate whether overexpression of decorin ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy and its effects on angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Diabetes was induced through intraperitoneal injection with streptozotocin combined with a high-fat diet, and decorin was overexpressed via recombinant adeno-associated virus in Wistar rats. Six months later, cardiac function was determined using an echocardiography and cardiac catheter system. The results showed that cardiac function was decreased in diabetic rats and restored by overexpression of decorin. In addition, overexpression of decorin upregulated the expression of VEGF and attenuated the reduction in the cardiac capillary density. In the in vitro study, high glucose induced apoptosis and inhibited the capabilities of tube formation, migration and proliferation, which were all ameliorated by decorin overexpression. Meanwhile, decorin overexpression increased the expression of VEGF and IGF1R, as well as the phosphorylation level of AKT and AP-1. Nonetheless, all of these effects were abolished by pretreatment with the IGF1R antibody or AKT inhibitor. In conclusion, overexpression of decorin ameliorated diabetic cardiomyopathy and promoted angiogenesis through the IGF1R-AKT-VEGF signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro.

Effects of 100-µT extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields exposure on hematograms and blood chemistry in rats.

The aim of this study was to test whether extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF EMFs) affect health or not. Here, we constructed a 100-µT/50 Hz electromagnetic field atmosphere. A total of 128 rats were randomly assigned into two groups: the ELF EMF group and the sham group. The ELF EMF group was exposed to 100-µT/50-Hz ELF EMF for 20 h per day for three months; at the same time the other group was exposed to a sham device without ELF EMF. During the three months, the weight was recorded every 2 weeks, and the water intake and food intake of the animals were recorded weekly. The hematologic parameters were detected before and after the exposure, whereas blood chemistry analysis was performed every 4 weeks. The general condition of the exposed rats was not affected by ELF EMF. Compared with the sham group, the hematograms were not significantly altered in the ELF EMF group. Similarly, the blood chemistry (including lipid profile, blood glucose, liver function and renal function of rats) from the ELF EMF group showed no difference compared with rats from the control group during the three months exposure. The present study indicated that short-term exposure of 100-µT/50-Hz ELF EMF may not affect hematograms and blood chemistry in rats.

Central nervous system toxicity of sodium nitroprusside in treatment of patients with aortic dissection.

This study examined the sodium nitroprusside (SNP) toxicity to central nervous system (CNS) in treatment of patients with aortic dissection (AD). The medical records of 191 AD patients who were admitted to Tongji Hospital, China, from Jan. 1998 to Feb. 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 140 cases of hypertension (73.3%) and 13 cases of Marfan syndrome (6.8%) among the 191 AD patients. A total of 157 patients were given SNP treatment. The toxic reactions of CNS occurred in 18 subjects (11.5%). Most of the adverse reactions occurred on the fifth day following SNP injection. SNP infusion rate was significantly higher in patients who developed CNS toxicity. It was suggested that systemic hypertension is the most common predisposing factor for AD. The combination of SNP with a ß-receptor blocker is a medical therapy commonly used in patients with AD. Cyanide and thiocyanate toxicity from SNP treatment is always the consequence of prolonged drug infusion or relatively high dose administration.

Let-7b inhibits human cancer phenotype by targeting cytochrome P450 epoxygenase 2J2.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNA molecules of 20 to 22 nucleotides that regulate gene expression by binding to their 3' untranslated region (3'UTR). Increasing data implicate altered miRNA participation in the progress of cancer. We previously reported that CYP2J2 epoxygenase promotes human cancer phenotypes. But whether and how CYP2J2 is regulated by miRNA is not understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using bioinformatics analysis, we found potential target sites for miRNA let-7b in 3'UTR of human CYP2J2. Luciferase and western blot assays revealed that CYP2J2 was regulated by let-7b. In addition, let-7b decreased the enzymatic activity of endogenous CYP2J2. Furthermore, let-7b may diminish cell proliferation and promote cell apoptosis of tumor cells via posttranscriptional repression of CYP2J2. Tumor xenografts were induced in nude mice by subcutaneous injection of MDA-MB-435 cells. The let-7b expression vector, pSilencer-let-7b, was injected through tail vein every 3 weeks. Let-7b significantly inhibited the tumor phenotype by targeting CYP2J2. Moreover, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to determine the expression levels of let-7b and CYP2J2 protein from 18 matched lung squamous cell cancer and adjacent normal lung tissues; the expression level of CYP2J2 was inversely proportional to that of let-7b. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that the decreased expression of let-7b could lead to the high expression of CYP2J2 protein in cancerous tissues. These findings suggest that miRNA let-7b reduces CYP2J2 expression, which may contribute to inhibiting tumor phenotypes.

A case of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy without arrhythmias.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is characterized by recurrent coma, ventricular tachycardias and the replacement of the myocardium with fatty and fibrous tissue. We described a 42-year-old female patient without clinical arrhythmias which was diagnosed as ARVC by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but the transvenous endomyocardial biopsy was not specific. The patient received heart transplantation due to her refractory heart failure and the pathology of explanted heart demonstrated typical replacement of fatty and fibrous tissue and piles of infiltrated lymphocytes in myocardial tissue. It is concluded that ARVC might not have any arrhythmias and inflammatory process may be involved in the mechanism of ARVC. Virtual slides: The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/6573514507145351.

Right coronary artery fistula to left ventricle complicated with huge coronary artery aneurysm.

Congenital coronary artery fistula (CAF) with huge coronary artery aneurysm is a very rare condition. In this paper, we describe a 26-year-old asymptomatic male patient with right coronary artery (RCA) to the left ventricle fistula with a huge coronary artery aneurysm which was diagnosed by multidetector computed tomography and coronary angiography. The patient received surgical treatment for coronary artery after diagnosis. Both RCA and a giant aneurysm were excised; surgical closure of CAF and coronary artery bypass grafting were performed on this patient. Two months after surgery, the enlarged left ventricle returned to normal as evaluated by echocardiography.

Decorin gene delivery inhibits cardiac fibrosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats by modulation of transforming growth factor-beta/Smad and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways.

Fibrosis is the response of heart and other organs to injuries. Excessive fibrosis can cause organ dysfunction or even failure. Transforming-growth factor (TGF)-beta is a cytokine that induces fibroblast proliferation and increases the synthesis of a number of extracellular matrix proteins including collagens. Decorin (DCN) is a natural antagonist of TGF-beta. In the current study, we investigated the potential antifibrotic effects of DCN gene delivery by a recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vector to inhibit cardiac fibrosis in old, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), which develop severe cardiac and kidney fibrosis if without intervention. The rAAV-DCN vector was injected (at a dose of 1 x 10(11) vector genomes) via the tail vein into 5-month-old male SHRs, resulting in persistent, stable expression of DCN (up to 16 weeks). rAAV-DCN treatment significantly reduced collagen content and fibrosis in the heart and attenuated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Hemodynamics data at 16 weeks showed that DCN gene delivery induced a significant increase in left ventricular end-systolic pressure and maximal-minimal rate of pressure increase (+/-dp/dt(max)), but a decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (p < 0.05), compared with those of control animals. The expression of TGF-beta and alpha-smooth muscle actin, and the phosphorylation levels of Smad2 and p38 MAPK, were markedly reduced by rAAV-DCN treatment as compared with the controls. Thus, these results suggest that rAAV-mediated DCN overexpression led to the inhibition of hypertension-induced cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy and improved cardiac function, and therefore may have therapeutic potential for organ fibrosis.

C-reactive protein polymorphisms and genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke in the Chinese Han population.

AIM: The inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) has been strongly correlated with the risk of cardiovascular disease. Some single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been reported to be associated with serum CRP levels. In this study, we assessed the genetic association between SNPs within the CRP gene and ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in the Han Chinese population. METHODS: This study comprises 564 ischemic stroke patients, 220 hemorrhagic stroke patients and 564 controls from the ethnic Han Chinese population in Wuhan. Four CRP SNPs, -757A>G (rs3093059), -717A>G (rs2794521), -286C>T>A (rs3091244) and +2147C>T (rs1205), were genotyped from patients using TaqMan assays. RESULTS: The A allele frequency for the -717A>G polymorphism was significant higher in controls than in ischemic stroke patients (P=0.037), after adjustment for traditional risk factors (odds ratio 0.28; 95% CI 0.12-0.65; P=0.003), suggesting a protective effect for this allele against ischemic stroke. Haplotype analysis showed that the H3 (G-C-C) haplotype conferred a significantly increased risk of ischemic stroke (odds ratio 1.052, 95% CI 1.001-1.106: P=0.047). Neither CRP genotypes nor haplotypes showed an association with hemorrhagic stroke. However, the frequency for haplotype H5 (A-T-C) was significantly higher in ischemic stroke than hemorrhagic stroke patients (P=0.0003). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the CRP gene -717A allele confers a protective effect against ischemic stroke. Furthermore, the H3 haplotype (G-C-C) is an independent risk marker for ischemic stroke, whereas the H5 haplotype (A-T-C) can be used as a prognostic marker of hemorrhagic stroke.

[Upregulated voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 on the CD4+CD28null T lymphocyte from patients with acute coronary syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study is to observe the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 expression on CD4+CD28null T cells from the peripheral blood of ACS patients by the patch clamp technique. METHODS: Kv1.3 potassium channels expression from 17 patients with ACS and 11 healthy age-matched normal controls was detected in single cell (CD4+CD28null T cells and CD4+CD28+ T cells) by fluorescence microscopy and patch clamp. RESULTS: The percent of CD4+CD28nullT cells are higher in the ACS (6.97% +/- 2.05%) than that in the controls (1.38% +/- 0.84%, P < 0.05). The concentration of hsCRP is directly correlated with the number of the CD4+CD28null T cells in the ACS (r = 0.52, P < 0.05). The conductance [(6.89 +/- 1.17) nS vs. (3.36 +/- 0.66) nS], dens [(1.95 +/- 0.80) n/microm2 vs. (1.13 +/- 0.57) n/microm2] and numbers [(574.5 +/- 97.6) n/cell vs. (280.3 +/- 55.3) n/cell] of the Kv1.3 channels on the CD4+CD28null T cells are significantly higher than those on the CD4+CD28+ T cells (all P < 0.01) in ACS patients, but were similar on CD4+CD28+ T cells between ACS patients and controls. CONCLUSION: The CD4+CD28null T cells in the ACS and the numbers of Kv1.3 channels on the CD4+CD28null T cells from the ACS patients are significantly upregulated and might contribute to the pathogenesis of ACS.

[Effects of telmisartan on endoplasmic reticulum stress induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in abdominal aortic banded rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of telmisartan on endoplasm reticulum (ER) stress signal pathways and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in abdominal aortic banded rats. METHODS: Male SD rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group, abdominal aortic banding group (AAB) and AAB + telmisartan (5 mgxkg(-1)xd(-1) per gavage, beginning at 1 week before AAB for 8 weeks, n = 10 each). Ten weeks post AAB, hemodynamic measurements were performed, whole heart and left ventricular weights were obtained, cardiomyocyte apoptosis was measured by TUNEL method. Myocardial GRP78 and CHOP protein expressions were detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The ratio of left ventricular weight to body weight, the ratio of heart weight to body weight, left ventricular end diastolic pressure and the apoptosis index were significantly increased while left ventricular end systolic pressure and +/- dp/dt(max) were significantly decreased in AAB group than those in sham-operated group (all P < 0.01), these changes could be significantly attenuated by telmisartan (all P < 0.01). Moreover, myocardial GRP78 and CHOP expressions were significantly upregulated in AAB group than those in sham-operated group and telmisartan could significantly downregulate the increased GRP78, CHOP expressions (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Increased ER stress might be responsible for enhanced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in AAB rats. Telmisartan effectively attenuated the cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac hypertrophy in AAB rats possibly through reducing ER stress.

Mechanism of oxidative stress-induced GADD153 gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Oxidative stress plays a critical role in normal functioning of cardiac and vascular cells as well as in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153), which is upregulated by oxidative stress, regulates the cell cycle and apoptosis. Previously an AP-1 was reported to contribute significantly to GADD153 gene transcriptional activation by oxidative stress. Recently, we have reported that GADD153 gene promoter activity is negatively regulated by nuclear factor 1 (NF1), in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The aim of this study was to elucidate the roles of AP-1 and NF1 in GADD153 gene induction by oxidative stress in VSMCs. H(2)O(2) induced GADD153 mRNA and reduced NF1 mRNA expression. In the electromobility shift assay, H(2)O(2) induced AP-1-binding activity and reduced NF1-binding activity. Overexpression of NF1 significantly suppressed the induction of the GADD153 gene after treatment with H(2)O(2). These results revealed that induction of the GADD153 gene by oxidative stress is regulated mainly by two nuclear factors, NF1 and AP-1.