ABSTRACT
Objective@#The association between school bullying and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms among students in primary schools and the moderating role of gender was explored to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of school bullying.@*Methods@#A total of 4 764 students from 2 primary schools in Wuhan were selected using the convenience sampling method in March 2023. The Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire were used. A Pearson χ 2 test was used to compare differences in school bullying rates among children with and without ADHD symptoms. Pearson correlation analysis and Process 3.3 were used to analyse the association between ADHD symptoms, and school bullying behaviour and the moderating role of gender.@*Results@#The reported rate of bullying victims in primary schools was 24.2% and the rate of bullying perpetration was 3.8%. The rate of ADHD symptom detection among primary school students was 5.9%. ADHD symptoms were positively associated with bullying and bullying victim behaviour ( r =0.16, 0.27, P <0.01). Specifically, the association between ADHD symptoms and bullying behavior tended to be stronger among boys than girls ( β boy =0.17, t =11.13; β girl =0.07, t =4.11, P <0.01).@*Conclusions@#ADHD symptoms are an important factor influencing school bullying behaviors in students, and gender moderates the association. In the process of preventing and controlling school bullying, ADHD symptoms and gender differences should be emphasized and comprehensive interventions should be implemented.
ABSTRACT
In this study, sea surface skylight spectral reflectance ρ(λ) was retrieved by means of the non-linear spectral optimization method and a bio-optical model. The spectral variability of ρ(λ) was found to be mainly influenced by the uniformity of the incident skylight, and a model is proposed to predict the ρ(λ) spectral dependency based on skylight reflectance at 750 nm. It is demonstrated that using the spectrally variable ρ(λ), rather than a constant, yields an improved agreement between the above-water remote sensing reflectance R(rs)(λ) estimates and concurrent profiling ones. The findings of this study highlight the necessity to re-process the relevant historical above-water data and update ocean color retrieval algorithms accordingly.
Subject(s)
Algorithms , Colorimetry/methods , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Photometry/methods , Spectrum Analysis/methods , Water/analysis , Water/chemistry , Oceans and Seas , Surface PropertiesABSTRACT
The inherent optical properties are needed when establishing the semi-analytic model in the ocean color retrieval algorithm. Using the in-situ measurements, a retrieval model for inherent optical properties from remote sensing reflectance was established. The in-situ data measured in the 2003 spring cruise over the Yellow and East China Seas is introduced. The measurement method for remote sensing reflectance, particle backscattering and absorption coefficients are detailed. Based on the bio-optical model, the inherent optical properties were retrieved by optimization of Nelder-Mead simplex. The retrieval results of the absorption and backscattering coefficients for the material other than pure water were compared with the counterpart of the in-situ measurements. The comparison shows that the root-mean-square relative error for the absorption coefficient of materials other than water is less than 33%. The value is 30% for the particle backscattering coefficient. The analysis of the error shows that the retrieval model established in this paper can provide an efficient approach to retrieving the absorption and backscattering coefficients. The retrieval model can provide a reference for the application of remotely sensed data to the research on the bio-optical properties of Yellow and East China Seas.
ABSTRACT
The petroleum pollutants mixing proportion experiment and in-situ experiment were carried out in the estuary of Panjin, Liaoning province in May 2008 and August 2009. The optical properties and biochemical properties were measured to get the effect of petroleum concentration in water on backscattering coefficients spectrum. The results show that the power-law index of backscattering coefficient decreases as TSM concentration increases and the relationship of these variables follows logarithm mode. Specific backscattering coefficient's value of 440 to 856 nm is between 0.006 and 0.035 m2 x g(-1) and decreases as wavelength increases. The petroleum mass-specific backscattering coefficients (backscattering coefficients of unit petroleum concentration) decreases with the wavelength increasing and follows power law for petroleum concentration. Petroleum concentration has little effect on the power-law index of backscattering coefficient.
