ABSTRACT
Magnonics is an emerging field within spintronics that focuses on developing novel magnetic devices capable of manipulating information through the modification of spin waves in nanostructures with submicron size. Here, we provide a confined magnetic rectangular element to modulate the standing spin waves, by changing the saturation magnetisation (MS), exchange constant (A), and the aspect ratio of rectangular magnetic elements via micromagnetic simulation. It is found that the bulk mode and the edge mode of the magnetic element form a hybrid with each other. With the decrease in MS, both the Kittel mode and the standing spin waves undergo a shift towards higher frequencies. On the contrary, as A decreases, the frequencies of standing spin waves become smaller, while the Kittel mode is almost unaffected. Moreover, when the length-to-width aspect ratio of the element is increased, standing spin waves along the width and length become split, leading to the observation of additional modes in the magnetic spectra. For each mode, the vibration style is discussed. These spin dynamic modes were further confirmed via FMR experiments, which agree well with the simulation results.
ABSTRACT
Ononin is a bioactive isoflavone of legumes. To explore the "effective forms" of ononin, its metabolites were characterized using HPLC-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn after oral administration to rats. Metabolites (106), including 94 new metabolites, were characterized, which contained 17 phase I, 23 hydroxylated and methylated, 54 sulfated, 10 glucuronidated, and 2 sulfated and glucuronidated metabolites. Six hydroxylated metabolites of formononetin (aglycone of ononin) were simultaneously detected for the first time. Twenty-three hydroxylated and methylated metabolites were the new metabolites of ononin, and the number of hydroxylation and methylation was 1-3 and 1-2. Twenty metabolites have ononin-related bioactivities, and many metabolites have the same bioactivities. Their probable mechanisms of action may be additive and/or synergistic effects, especially because of the addition of the blood concentrations of these compounds. The results provide a foundation for a better understanding of the "effective forms" of ononin.
