ABSTRACT
We report a case of unexpectedly difficult intubation in a patient with a huge but asymptomatic choanal polyp. A 77-year-old man with invasive bladder cancer was scheduled for total cystectomy under general anesthesia. However, tracheal intubation with a Macintosh laryngoscope proved impossible due to obstruction by a large oropharyngeal tumor. Using a video laryngoscope, intubation was successfully achieved. Choanal polyps are not uncommon, but large choanal polyps reaching the oropharynx appear relatively rare. Anesthesia and airway management for large oropharyngeal tumor has not been sufficiently discussed.
ABSTRACT
Herein we report the identification of a highly potent and selective CB2 agonist, RQ-00202730 (40), obtained by lead optimization of the benzimidazole scaffold. Compound 40 showed strong agonistic activity with an EC50 of 19nM and excellent selectivity (>1300-fold) over the CB1 receptor. Compound 40 displayed a dose dependent analgesic effect on TNBS-induced visceral hypersensitivity in rats by oral administration (ED50 0.66mg/kg at 2.5h after oral administration). In addition, 40 did not show a significant effect on body temperature in rats after oral administration at 300mg/kg. These findings suggest that highly selective CB2 agonists will be effective agents for IBS therapy.
Subject(s)
Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage , Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/chemistry , Irritable Bowel Syndrome/drug therapy , Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists , Administration, Oral , Animals , Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Irritable Bowel Syndrome/metabolism , Male , Rats , Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
To identify endogenous factors involved in herpetic pain, we performed genome-wide microarray analysis of the spinal cord of mice that suffered from herpetic allodynia induced by inoculation with herpes simplex virus type 1, which revealed marked induction of galectin-3, a ß-galactoside-binding lectin. Therefore, we investigated the role of galectin-3 in herpetic allodynia. The expression levels of galectin-3 mRNA and protein were increased with a temporal pattern similar to that of herpetic allodynia. Galectin-3-expressing cells were mainly localized in the superficial dorsal horn, round in shape, and positive for the macrophage/microglia markers Iba-1 and F4/80. In the deep dorsal horn, there were Iba-1-positive cells with ramified and stout processes, which were negative for galectin-3. In the superficial dorsal horn, there were many CD3-positive T cells, but most of the galectin-3-expressing cells were negative for CD3. Galectin-3-expressing cells were negative for the neuronal marker NeuN and the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein antibody. Deficiency in galectin-3 markedly reduced herpetic allodynia, without showing an effect on herpes zoster-like skin lesions. Intrathecal injection of galectin-3 produced mechanical allodynia in naive mice, and intrathecal injections of anti-galectin-3 antibodies significantly reduced herpetic allodynia. The present results suggest that galectin-3 in infiltrating macrophages and/or resident microglia in the spinal dorsal horn contributes to herpetic allodynia. Galectin-3 may be a new therapeutic target for the treatment of herpes zoster-associated pain.
Subject(s)
Galectin 3/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/physiology , Herpes Simplex/complications , Hyperalgesia/etiology , Hyperalgesia/pathology , Spinal Cord/metabolism , Animals , Antibodies/pharmacology , Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism , CD3 Complex/metabolism , Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Functional Laterality , Galectin 3/genetics , Galectin 3/immunology , Galectin 3/pharmacology , Gene Expression Profiling/methods , Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism , Herpes Simplex/pathology , Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity , Hyperalgesia/drug therapy , Injections, Spinal , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Microfilament Proteins/metabolism , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , Pain Measurement , Pain Threshold/drug effects , Pain Threshold/physiology , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Skin/pathology , Spinal Cord/pathology , Spinal Cord/virology , Statistics, Nonparametric , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced by cyclooxygenase (COX) is a potent pro-inflammatory mediator. We have recently discovered CJ-023,423, a highly selective antagonist of EP4 receptors, one of the PGE2 receptors. This agent is suitable for exploring the effects of blocking EP4 receptors following oral administration in rats. In this study, CJ-023,423 was used in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) to investigate the role of the EP4 receptor in chronic inflammation and bone destruction. These effects were compared with those of rofecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. CJ-023,423 had significant inhibitory effects on paw swelling, inflammatory biomarkers, synovial inflammation and bone destruction in AIA rats. In particular, the inhibitory effect on paw swelling in AIA rats was comparable to that of rofecoxib. These results suggest that PGE2 acting via the EP4 receptor is involved in the development of chronic inflammation and bone destruction, particularly with respect to oedema in AIA rats. This is the first study to confirm the in-vivo effects of EP4 receptor blockade on inflammation and bone destruction in AIA rats with a small-molecule compound.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy , Receptors, Prostaglandin E/antagonists & inhibitors , Sulfonamides/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage , Arthritis, Experimental/physiopathology , Bone Resorption/drug therapy , Bone Resorption/etiology , Dinoprostone/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Edema/drug therapy , Edema/etiology , Inflammation/drug therapy , Inflammation/etiology , Lactones/pharmacology , Male , Rats , Rats, Inbred Lew , Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype , Sulfonamides/administration & dosage , Sulfones/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The prostaglandin (PG) EP(4) receptor subtype is expressed by peripheral sensory neurons. Although a potential role of EP(4) receptor in pain has been suggested, a limited number of selective ligands have made it difficult to explore the physiological functions of EP(4) or its potential as a new analgesic target. Here, we describe the in vitro and in vivo pharmacology of a novel EP(4) receptor antagonist, N-[({2-[4-(2-ethyl-4,6-dimethyl-1H-imidazo [4,5-c] pyridin-1-yl) phenyl]ethyl}amino) carbonyl]-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (CJ-023,423). In vitro, CJ-023,423 inhibits [(3)H]PGE(2) binding to both human and rat EP(4) receptors with K(i) of 13 +/- 4 and 20 +/- 1 nM, respectively. CJ-023,423 is highly selective for the human EP(4) receptor over other human prostanoid receptor subtypes. It also inhibits PGE(2)-evoked elevation in intracellular cAMP at the human and rat EP(4) receptors with pA(2) of 8.3 +/- 0.03 and 8.2 +/- 0.2 nM, respectively. In vivo, oral administration of CJ-023,423 significantly reduces thermal hyperalgesia induced by intraplantar injection of PGE(2) (ED(50) = 12.8 mg/kg). CJ-023,423 is also effective in models of acute and chronic inflammatory pain. CJ-023,423 significantly reduces mechanical hyperalgesia in the carrageenan model. Furthermore, CJ-023,423 significantly reverses complete Freund's adjuvant-induced chronic inflammatory pain response. Taken together, the present data indicate that CJ-023,423, a highly potent and selective antagonist of both human and rat EP(4) receptors, produces antihyperalgesic effects in animal models of inflammatory pain. Thus, specific blockade of the EP(4) receptor signaling may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of inflammatory pain.
