Sexual dimorphism in the facial morphology of adult humans: A three-dimensional analysis.

The objective of this study was to demonstrate sexual dimorphism in the entire three-dimensional facial surface form of adult humans. The sample consisted of female and male groups (n=200; age range, 18-35 years). Three-dimensional images of each participant's face at rest were recorded. A total of 185 variables that described facial surface configuration features were extracted from each image. The variables were compared between the groups using t-tests, and those exhibiting P-values <0.0001 were entered into a stepwise discriminant function analysis for sex determination. Wire mesh fitting was also performed on each image to examine the facial surface morphology. The mean node coordinates of the fitted mesh were compared between the groups using t-tests. Sixty-seven of the 185 variables differed significantly between the groups, and 11 qualified for inclusion in the stepwise analysis. The female group exhibited a greater vertical height of the eye fissure, shorter postero-anterior height of the nasal tip, vertically greater supraorbital ridge, shorter lower face height relative to the total upper anterior face height, more prominent cheeks in the infraorbital region, less prominent cheeks in the buccal region, shorter vertical height of the subnasal region, a smaller nasal hump, and a smaller alar. The discriminant function analysis was 96.5% accurate overall. The wire mesh fitting results showed that the eyes, forehead, and chin were in vertically higher positions in the female group than in the male group. The cheeks and nose were more protuberant in the female group and male group, respectively.

Objective classification of nose-lip-chin profiles and their relation to dentoskeletal traits.

OBJECTIVES: To objectively classify the nose-lip-chin profiles of adult women and identify any associations between the nose-lip-chin profile patterns and dentoskeletal patterns. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: Lateral facial photographs and lateral cephalograms were obtained for 229 Japanese women who were being assessed for orthodontic treatment. METHODS: A feature vector that was effective in distinguishing differences in nose-lip-chin profiles was extracted for each photograph. To categorize the records into an optimum number of subclasses according to nose-lip-chin profile configurations, a vector quantization method was applied to the feature vectors of all samples. Dentoskeletal patterns that corresponded to the nose-lip-chin profile subclasses were compared. RESULTS: Eight profile patterns were identified, and the differences among patterns were notably maximized by the nasolabial angle, configuration and vertical length of the subnasal region, vertical thickness of the lip vermilion borders, sagittal position of the upper- and lower-lip vermilion borders and their relation to each other, labiomental angle, depth of the labiomental sulcus, degree of prominence of the chin, and degree of protrusion of the mandible. The dentoskeletal patterns showed significant differences between the classified profile patterns (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: A method to objectively classify the nose-lip-chin profiles of adult women was established, and the nose-lip-chin profile patterns were found to be associated with the dentoskeletal patterns.

Common variant in 6q26-q27 is associated with distal colon cancer in an Asian population.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifactorial disease with both environmental and genetic factors contributing to its development. The incidence of CRC is increasing year by year in Japan. Patients with CRC in advanced stages have a poor prognosis, but detection of CRC at earlier stages can improve clinical outcome. Therefore, identification of epidemiologial factors that influence development of CRC would facilitate the prevention or early detection of disease. METHODS: To identify loci associated with CRC risk, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for CRC and sub-analyses by tumour location using 1583 Japanese CRC cases and 1898 controls. Subsequently, we conducted replication analyses using a total of 4809 CRC cases and 2973 controls including 225 Korean subjects with distal colon cancer and 377 controls. RESULTS: We identified a novel locus on 6q26-q27 region (rs7758229 in SLC22A3, p = 7.92 × 10⁻9, OR of 1.28) that was significantly associated with distal colon cancer. We also replicated the association between CRC and SNPs on 8q24 (rs6983267 and rs7837328, p = 1.51 × 10⁻8 and 7.44 × 10⁻8, ORs of 1.18 and 1.17, respectively). Moreover, we found cumulative effects of three genetic factors (rs7758229, rs6983267, and rs4939827 in SMAD7) and one environmental factor (alcohol drinking) which appear to increase CRC risk approximately twofold. CONCLUSIONS: We found a novel susceptible locus in SLC22A3 that contributes to the risk of distal colon cancer in an Asian population. These findings would further extend our understanding of the role of common genetic variants in the aetiology of CRC.

XEDAR as a putative colorectal tumor suppressor that mediates p53-regulated anoikis pathway.

Colorectal cancers with mutations in the p53 gene have an invasive property, but its underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Through the screening of two data sets of the genome-wide expression profile, one for p53-introduced cells and the other for the numbers of cancer tissues, we report here X-linked ectodermal dysplasia receptor (XEDAR), a member of the TNFR superfamily, as a novel p53 target that has a crucial role in colorectal carcinogenesis. p53 upregulated XEDAR expression through two p53-binding sites within intron 1 of the XEDAR gene. We also found a significant correlation between decreased XEDAR expressions and p53 gene mutations in breast and lung cancer cell lines (P=0.0043 and P=0.0122, respectively). Furthermore, promoter hypermethylation of the XEDAR gene was detected in 20 of 20 colorectal cancer cell lines (100%) and in 6 of 12 colorectal cancer tissues (50%), respectively. Thus, the XEDAR expression was suppressed to <25% of surrounding normal tissues in 12 of 18 colorectal cancer tissues (66.7%) due to either its epigenetic alterations and/or p53 mutations. We also found that XEDAR interacted with and subsequently caused the accumulation of FAS protein, another member of p53-inducible TNFR. Moreover, XEDAR negatively regulated FAK, a central component of focal adhesion. As a result, inactivation of XEDAR resulted in the enhancement of cell adhesion and spreading, as well as resistance to p53-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our findings showed that XEDAR is a putative tumor suppressor that could prevent malignant transformation and tumor progression by regulating apoptosis and anoikis.

CDC20, a potential cancer therapeutic target, is negatively regulated by p53.

The p53 protein inhibits malignant transformation through direct and indirect regulation of transcription of many genes related to cell cycle, apoptosis and cellular senescence. A number of genes induced by p53 have been well characterized, but biological significance of genes whose expression was suppressed by p53 is still largely undisclosed. To clarify the roles of p53-suppressive genes in carcinogenesis, we analysed two data sets of whole-genome expression profiles, one for cells in which wild-type p53 was exogenously introduced and the other for a large number of clinical cancer tissues. Here, we identified CDC20 that was frequently upregulated in many types of malignancies and remarkably suppressed by ectopic introduction of p53. CDC20 expression was suppressed by genotoxic stresses in p53- and p21-dependent manners through CDE-CHR elements in the CDC20 promoter. Furthermore, small interference RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of p53 induced CDC20 expression in normal human dermal fibroblast cells. As we expected, treatment of cancer cells with siRNA against CDC20 induced G(2)/M arrest and suppressed cell growth. Our results indicate that p53 inhibits tumor cell growth through the indirect regulation of CDC20 and that CDC20 might be a good potential therapeutic target for a broad spectrum of human cancer.

RGC32, a novel p53-inducible gene, is located on centrosomes during mitosis and results in G2/M arrest.

To identify target genes for the hemizygous deletions of chromosome 13 that are recurrently observed in malignant gliomas, we performed genome-wide DNA copy-number analysis using array-based comparative genomic hybridization and gene expression analysis using an oligonucleotide-array. The response gene to complement 32 (RGC32) at 13q14.11 was identified as a deletion target, and its expression was frequently silenced in glioma cell lines compared with normal brain. Levels of RGC32 mRNA tended to decrease toward higher grades of primary astrocytomas, especially in tumors with mutations of p53. Expression of RGC32 mRNA was dramatically increased by exogenous p53 in a p53-mutant glioma cell line, and also by endogenous p53 in response to DNA damage in p53+/+ colon-cancer cells, but not in isogenic p53-/- cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays demonstrated binding of endogenous p53 protein to the promoter region of the RGC32 gene, implying p53-dependent transcriptional activity. Transiently and stably overexpressed RGC32 suppressed the growth of glioma cells, probably owing to induction of G2/M arrest. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed a concentration of RGC32 protein at the centrosome during mitosis. RGC32 formed a protein complex with polo-like kinase 1 and was phosphorylated in vitro. These observations implied a novel mechanism by which p53 might negatively regulate cell-cycle progression by way of this newly identified transcriptional target. Our results provide the first evidence that RGC32 might be a possible tumor-suppressor for glioma, that it is directly induced by p53, and that it mediates the arrest of mitotic progression.

Valores hematológicos e bioquímicos de grupos de papagaios-de-cara-roxa (Amazona brasiliensis)

O artigo não apresenta resumo.

p53AIP1, a potential mediator of p53-dependent apoptosis, and its regulation by Ser-46-phosphorylated p53.

Through direct cloning of p53 binding sequences from human genomic DNA, we have isolated a novel gene, designated p53AIP1 (p53-regulated Apoptosis-Inducing Protein 1), whose expression is inducible by wild-type p53. Ectopically expressed p53AIP1, which is localized within mitochondria, leads to apoptotic cell death through dissipation of mitochondrial A(psi)m. We have found that upon severe DNA damage, Ser-46 on p53 is phosphorylated and apoptosis is induced. In addition, substitution of Ser-46 inhibits the ability of p53 to induce apoptosis and selectively blocks expression of p53AIP1. Our results suggest that p53AIP1 is likely to play an important role in mediating p53-dependent apoptosis, and phosphorylation of Ser-46 regulates the transcriptional activation of this apoptosis-inducing gene.

Identification of fractalkine, a CX3C-type chemokine, as a direct target of p53.

Fractalkine is a CX3C-type chemokine that induces chemotaxis of monocytes and cytotoxic T cells. Using the differential display method for examining gene expression in p53-defective cells transfected by adenovirus containing wild-type p53, we observed that fractalkine was induced by ectopic expression of p53. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that a potential p53-binding site present in the promoter of the fractalkine gene could bind to p53 protein. Moreover, a heterogeneous reporter assay indicated that this promoter sequence possessed p53-dependent transcriptional activity. The strong induction of fractalkine when p53 protein was expressed by a wild-type transgene in p53-defective cells brought to light a novel role for p53; that is, potential elimination of damaged cells by the host immune response system through transcriptional regulation of fractalkine. Our results imply a pivotal role of p53 in immunosurveillance to prevent cells from undergoing malignant transformation.

[Nutritional supplementation in patients with cystic fibrosis]. / Suplementação dietética em pacientes com fibrose cística.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluated the effect of short-term oral supplementation in the nutritional status of 14 patients with cystic fibrosis in 19 hospital admissions. METHODS: All patients received standard pulmonary therapy, and to 13 patients (Group I = GI) a high-fat oral supplement was offered besides the standard diet. The control group (GII) received the same diet except for the supplement. Anthropometric measurements, quantitative assessment of energy intake and serum biochemical parameters were determined on admission and prior to discharge from hospital. RESULTS: There was no difference in the weight gain between groups (median: GI=+1000 g; GII=+550 g), nor in the variations of height, skinfolds and body fat. Z scores were calculated (mean-/+SD: weight/age, GI=-2.19-/+1.0, GII=-2.57-/+1.1; height/age, GI=-1.73-/+1.4, GII=-2.06-/+1.4 ), showing that those patients had chronic severe malnutrition, with no changes in Z Score in this period. The diet offered to the patients provided the RDA for calories only in the supplemented group, and this value was significantly higher compared to the non-supplemented group (mean -/+ SD : GI= 146-/+20% RDA; GII=105-/+13%RDA). The energy intake was significantly higher in group I (mean-/+SD: GI=126-/+22%RDA; GII= 81-/+27%RDA), and it increased significantly by the end of admission in this group. The biochemical assessment revealed low levels of prealbumin in both groups on admission (mean-/+SD: GI=11-/+10mg/dl; GII=8-/+8 mg/dl), with significant increase only in group I (mean-/+SD: GI=23-/+15 mg/dl; GII=8-/+11 mg/dl). No variations in the levels of triglycerides were observed, but the cholesterol levels increased significantly in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although the weight gain was similar in both groups, prealbumin increased only in the supplemented group. This group had a higher energy intake than the non-supplemented one, and it reached the RDA for calories.