Do Learning Disabilities Affect Testicular Cancer Survival: A National Cohort Study Between 2001 and 2015.

BACKGROUND: Some 1.5 million people in the UK have a learning disability (LD). This vulnerable group derives less benefit from population-based education programs. They are prone to underenrolment in screening programs and may lack the ability to perform self-examination. OBJECTIVE: To identify patients with LD in England and assess their testicular cancer (TC) survival in comparison to the general population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Patient records were identified from the Hospital Episode Statistics database. All patients resident in England with a diagnosis of mental debility, "developmental disorder of scholastic skills", or attending under the specialty of LD between April 1, 2001 and June 30, 2015 were included. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: We measured survival outcomes according to the Kaplan-Meier method and used log-rank tests to assess survival difference between demographic groups. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Of 158138 male patients with LD, 331 had TC and 32 died of cancer. LD patients had a poorer prognosis, with 10-yr TC-specific survival of 88.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 84.5-92.4%) in the LD group versus 96.8% (95% CI 96.6-97.1%) in the non-LD group. LD patients also had lower all-cause survival rates. The 10-yr survival rate was 77.6% (95% CI 72.2-83.3%) for LD patients versus 89.9% (95% CI 89.4-90.3%) for non-LD patients, while the corresponding 5-yr rates were 84% (95% CI 79.9-88.4%) versus 92.2% (95% CI 91.8-92.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Education regarding self-examination for TC must be provided in a format suitable for those with LD. Carers for male patients with LD should be informed about testicular examination and sinister signs. PATIENT SUMMARY: Testicular cancer patients who also have a learning disability (LD) have a one in nine chance of dying, compared to a one in 36 chance for testicular cancer patients without LD. This is because patients with LD are less likely to detect the disease at an earlier stage.

Outcomes of colorectal stents when used as a bridge to curative resection in obstruction secondary to colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Up to 25% of colorectal cancers present with bowel obstruction. Metal stents (MS) can provide a bridge to surgery by relieving obstruction and allowing the subject's condition to improve pre-operatively. METHODS: Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) is a database of all NHS funded secondary care episodes in England. Subjects admitted with bowel obstruction secondary to colorectal cancer without metastases were identified and subdivided into two groups: MS insertion prior to surgery and surgery only. Due to demographic differences between the groups, propensity score matching was used to analyse procedural outcomes, mortality and readmission within 30 days in left-sided cancers based upon age, sex and Charlson co-morbidity score. RESULTS: Over 10 years, 4571 subjects were identified; 401 received a MS and 4170 underwent surgery only. Median age of MS subjects was 71 (IQR 62-79) years; 226 (56.4%) were male. Median age of surgery-only subjects was 73 (64-81); 2165 (51.9%) were male. Following propensity matching 375 MS and 375 surgery-only subjects remained; MS had fewer readmissions within 30 days (28 (7.5%) versus 44 (11.7%), p = 0.047), fewer respiratory complications (< 6 (< 1.5%) versus 28 (7.5%), p < 0.001), lower stoma rates (49 (13.1%) versus 159 (42.4%), p < 0.001) and higher rates of laparoscopic surgery (154 (41.1%) versus 25 (6.7%), p < 0.001). Mortality was lower in the MS group at 30 days (7 (1.9%) versus 33 (8.8%), p < 0.001) and 1 year (37 (9.9%) versus 71 (19.0%), p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In subjects presenting with obstructing colorectal cancer outcomes including respiratory complications, readmission and mortality appear to be better in subjects undergoing MS as a bridge to surgery compared to surgery alone.

Effects of gender on physiological responses to strenuous circuit resistance exercise and recovery.

Few studies have focused upon the physiological responses to circuit weight training (CWT) in men and women, and an investigation of possible gender differences could lead to optimal exercise prescriptions and improved adaptation outcomes. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of gender on cardiovascular and metabolic responses to CWT and consequent recovery. Ten healthy men and 10 healthy women completed an initial session to collect descriptive data and determine a 12 repetition maximum (12RM) for 6 different upper- and lower-body resistance exercises. This was followed by 2 identical sessions of a CWT protocol on 2 separate days at least 48 hours apart. The first session was used to familiarize subjects with the equipment and the testing protocol. The second session was used to determine physiological responses. Each subject performed 10 repetitions of 6 exercises for 3 circuits at a 12RM load. Vo2 and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were continuously monitored, whereas heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were taken at the end of each circuit. Across the exercise session, men revealed greater absolute and relative Vo2, relative lean body mass Vo2, systolic BP (SBP), RER, and recovery Vo2 when compared with the female subjects. There were no differences in HR, diastolic BP (DBP), or recovery RER. The present study provides a greater insight into gender differences in cardiovascular and metabolic responses to circuit weight training. These gender differences should be taken into consideration for development of CWT protocols for men and women.