Petrobasal Vein: A Previously Unrecognized Vein Directly Connecting the Superior Petrosal Sinus with the Emissary Vein of the Foramen Ovale.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The superior petrosal sinus terminates anteriorly at the cavernous sinus and posteriorly at the transverse sinus. Venous variations directly connecting the superior petrosal sinus and the emissary veins of the foramen ovale are not well-recognized. We present a connecting vein, provisionally named the petrobasal vein. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biplane cerebral angiography of the bilateral internal carotid arteries and the vertebral artery acquired in 267 patients was retrospectively reviewed by 2 neuroradiologists with special interest in the existence and course of the petrobasal vein. RESULTS: The petrobasal vein was observed to lie anterior-posteriorly on the superior surface of the petrosal bone and connected to the midportion of the superior petrosal sinus and the emissary veins of the foramen ovale in 41 patients (15%) and sides (7.9%); it drained into the pterygoid plexus. The petrobasal vein was observed on VAG in 21 patients, on ICAG alone in 8 patients (9 sides), on both VAG and ICAG in 12 patients, and on ICAG in 1 patient. In the patients in whom the petrobasal vein was visualized on the ICAs, the superficial middle cerebral vein drained into a combination of the pterygoid plexus via the emissary veins of the foramen ovale and the superior petrosal sinus. CONCLUSIONS: The petrobasal vein, an unknown vein directly connecting the superior petrosal sinus and the emissary veins of the foramen ovale and draining into the pterygoid plexus, can occasionally be identified on cerebral angiography as a variant drainage route from the cerebellum and brainstem veins and/or from the superficial middle cerebral vein. The petrobasal vein is thought to be a remnant of the primitive tentorial sinus.

Metal Artifact Reduction in Head CT Performed for Patients with Deep Brain Stimulation Devices: Effectiveness of a Single-Energy Metal Artifact Reduction Algorithm.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Deep brain stimulation electrodes induce massive artifacts on CT images, deteriorating the diagnostic value of examinations. We aimed to investigate the usefulness and potential limitations of a single-energy metal artifact reduction algorithm in head CT performed in patients with implanted deep brain stimulation devices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-four patients with deep brain stimulation (bilateral, n = 28) who underwent head CT on a 320-detector row scanner and whose images were reconstructed with and without single-energy metal artifact reduction at the examinations were retrospectively included. The severity of artifacts around electrodes was assessed objectively using SDs and an artifact index. Two radiologists subjectively evaluated the severity of artifacts from electrodes, the visibility of electrode localization and surrounding structures, and overall diagnostic confidence on 4-point scales. Background image quality (GM-WM contrast and image noise) was subjectively and objectively assessed. The presence and location of artifacts newly produced by single-energy metal artifact reduction were analyzed. RESULTS: Single-energy metal artifact reduction provided lower objective and subjective metal artifacts and improved visualization of electrode localization and surrounding structures and diagnostic confidence compared with non-single-energy metal artifact reduction images, with statistical significance (all, P < .01). No significant differences were observed in GM-WM contrast and image noise (all, P ≥ .11). The new artifacts from single-energy metal artifact reduction were prominently observed in patients with bilateral deep brain stimulation at high convexity, possibly induced by deep brain stimulation leads placed under the parietal scalp. CONCLUSIONS: Single-energy metal artifact reduction substantially reduces the metal artifacts from deep brain stimulation electrodes and improves the visibility of intracranial structures without affecting background image quality. However, non-single-energy metal artifact reduction images should be simultaneously reviewed to accurately assess the entire intracranial area, particularly in patients with bilateral deep brain stimulation.

Value of 100 kVp scan with sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction algorithm on a single-source CT system during whole-body CT for radiation and contrast medium dose reduction: an intra-individual feasibility study.

AIM: To perform an intra-individual investigation of the usefulness of a contrast medium (CM) and radiation dose-reduction protocol using single-source computed tomography (CT) combined with 100 kVp and sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction (SAFIRE) for whole-body CT (WBCT; chest-abdomen-pelvis CT) in oncology patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-three oncology patients who had undergone WBCT under both 120 and 100 kVp protocols at different time points (mean interscan intervals: 98 days) were included retrospectively. The CM doses for the 120 and 100 kVp protocols were 600 and 480 mg iodine/kg, respectively; 120 kVp images were reconstructed with filtered back-projection (FBP), whereas 100 kVp images were reconstructed with FBP (100 kVp-F) and the SAFIRE (100 kVp-S). The size-specific dose estimate (SSDE), iodine load and image quality of each protocol were compared. RESULTS: The SSDE and iodine load of 100 kVp protocol were 34% and 21%, respectively, lower than of 120 kVp protocol (SSDE: 10.6±1.1 versus 16.1±1.8 mGy; iodine load: 24.8±4versus 31.5±5.5 g iodine, p<0.01). Contrast enhancement, objective image noise, contrast-to-noise-ratio, and visual score of 100 kVp-S were similar to or better than of 120 kVp protocol. CONCLUSION: Compared with the 120 kVp protocol, the combined use of 100 kVp and SAFIRE in WBCT for oncology assessment with an SSCT facilitated substantial reduction in the CM and radiation dose while maintaining image quality.

Artery of the Superior Orbital Fissure: An Undescribed Branch from the Pterygopalatine Segment of the Maxillary Artery to the Orbital Apex Connecting with the Anteromedial Branch of the Inferolateral Trunk.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Some branches of the internal maxillary artery have anastomoses with the inferolateral trunk that are important as intracranial-extracranial collateral pathways and as dangerous anastomoses for transarterial embolization of these branches. We present here an undescribed branch potentially anastomosing with the anteromedial branch of the inferolateral trunk, which is provisionally named the artery of the superior orbital fissure, defined as an arterial branch from the pterygopalatine segment of the maxillary artery to the orbital apex at the superior orbital fissure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two neuroradiologists reviewed 3D and MPR images of the external and/or common carotid artery with particular interest paid to the artery of the superior orbital fissure in 54 patients who underwent 3D angiography with a field of view covering the pterygopalatine fossa and the cavernous sinus. The underlying diseases in these patients were 17 parasellar hypervascular lesions (including 13 cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas and 4 meningiomas), 18 internal carotid artery stenoses/occlusions, and 19 other diseases. RESULTS: The artery of the superior orbital fissure was identified in 20 of 54 patients; it arose at the pterygopalatine segment of the maxillary artery, either singly or from a common trunk with the artery of the foramen rotundum, and ran upward to reach the superior orbital fissure. It anastomosed with the anteromedial branch of the inferolateral trunk at the superior orbital fissure with blood flow toward the cavernous sinus (n = 14) and/or the ophthalmic artery (n = 2). It was more prominent in parasellar hypervascular lesions and internal carotid artery stenoses/occlusions than in other diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The artery of the superior orbital fissure, a remnant of the anastomotic artery, was often identified, especially in patients with parasellar hypervascular lesions.

Angioarchitecture of transverse-sigmoid sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas: evaluation of shunted pouches by multiplanar reformatted images of rotational angiography.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recognition of shunted pouches dural arteriovenous fistula allows us to treat the disease effectively by selective embolization of the pouches at first. However, the shunted pouches in transverse-sigmoid sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas have not been well-documented. Our aim was to evaluate the angioarchitecture of transverse-sigmoid sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas, including the frequency and location of shunted pouches and their feeding arteries. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five consecutive cases of TSS-DAVFs that underwent rotational angiography and transvenous embolization between 2008 and 2011 were reviewed. Multiplanar reformatted images of rotational angiography and selective angiography were reviewed with a particular focus on the shunted pouches. RESULTS: All 25 cases showed SPs, with numbers ranging from 1 to 4 pouches (mean, 2.35). The SPs were located at the transverse-sigmoid junction in 16, close to the vein of Labbé in 9, at the dorsal-to-sigmoid sinus in 9, inferior to the sigmoid sinus in 6, at the sigmoid-jugular junction in 5, and inferior to the transverse sinus or the sinus confluence in 14. The SP at the sigmoid sinus was frequently fed by the jugular branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery and the stylomastoid artery. The SP at the transverse-sigmoid junction and the vein of Labbé was fed by the petrosal/petrosquamous and posterior branches of the middle meningeal artery and the transosseous branches of the occipital artery. The SP inferior to the transverse sinus and the sinus confluence was fed by the transosseous branches of the occipital artery and the posterior meningeal artery. All cases were successfully treated by transvenous embolization with sinus packing (n = 13) or selective embolization of the SP (n = 12). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of SP is a common angioarchitecture of TSS-DAVFs. Identification of the SPs would be useful for their treatment.

Superior petrosal sinus: hemodynamic features in normal and cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Normal hemodynamic features of the superior petrosal sinus and their relationships to the SPS drainage from cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas are not well known. We investigated normal hemodynamic features of the SPS on cerebral angiography as well as the frequency and types of the SPS drainage from CSDAVFs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 119 patients who underwent cerebral angiography by focusing on visualization and hemodynamic status of the SPS. We also reviewed selective angiography in 25 consecutive patients with CSDAVFs; we were especially interested in the presence of drainage routes through the SPS from CSDAVFs. RESULTS: In 119 patients (238 sides), the SPS was segmentally (anterior segment, 37 sides; posterior segment, 82 sides) or totally (116 sides) demonstrated. It was demonstrated on carotid angiography in 11 sides (4.6%), receiving blood from the basal vein of Rosenthal or sphenopetrosal sinus, and on vertebral angiography in 235 sides (98.7%), receiving blood from the petrosal vein. No SPSs were demonstrated with venous drainage from the cavernous sinus. SPS drainage was found in 7 of 25 patients (28%) with CSDAVFs. CSDAVFs drained through the anterior segment of SPS into the petrosal vein without draining to the posterior segment in 3 of 7 patients (12%). CONCLUSIONS: The SPS normally works as the drainage route receiving blood from the anterior cerebellar and brain stem venous systems. The variation of hemodynamic features would be related to the relatively lower frequency and 2 different types of SPS drainage from CSDAVFs.

Turn-back embolization technique for effective transvenous embolization of dural arteriovenous fistulas.

For effective transvenous embolization of DAVFs, it is important to place coils at the shunting venous pouch in the initial step of the procedure. When it was difficult to navigate a microcatheter to the shunting venous pouch due to the anatomic relationship of approach routes with targeted pouches, we navigated the microcatheters by a "turn-back technique" within the involved sinuses into the target pouches. Complete occlusion or regression of the DAVF was obtained in all cases.

Radiological findings in acute Haemophilus influenzae pulmonary infection.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess pulmonary thin-section CT findings in patients with acute Haemophilus influenzae pulmonary infection. METHODS: Thin-section CT scans obtained between January 2004 and March 2009 from 434 patients with acute H. influenzae pulmonary infection were retrospectively evaluated. Patients with concurrent infection diseases, including Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=76), Staphylococcus aureus (n=58) or multiple pathogens (n=89) were excluded from this study. Thus, our study group comprised 211 patients (106 men, 105 women; age range, 16-91 years, mean, 63.9 years). Underlying diseases included cardiac disease (n=35), pulmonary emphysema (n=23), post-operative status for malignancy (n=20) and bronchial asthma (n=15). Frequencies of CT patterns and disease distribution of parenchymal abnormalities, lymph node enlargement and pleural effusion were assessed by thin-section CT. RESULTS: The CT findings in patients with H. influenzae pulmonary infection consisted mainly of ground-glass opacity (n=185), bronchial wall thickening (n=181), centrilobular nodules (n=137) and consolidation (n=112). These abnormalities were predominantly seen in the peripheral lung parenchyma (n=108). Pleural effusion was found in 22 patients. Two patients had mediastinal lymph node enlargement. CONCLUSION: These findings in elderly patients with smoking habits or cardiac disease may be characteristic CT findings of H. influenzae pulmonary infection.

Pulmonary thin-section CT findings in acute Moraxella catarrhalis pulmonary infection.

OBJECTIVE: Moraxella catarrhalis is an important pathogen in the exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and pulmonary thin-section CT findings in patients with acute M. catarrhalis pulmonary infection. METHODS: Thin-section CT scans obtained between January 2004 and March 2009 from 292 patients with acute M. catarrhalis pulmonary infection were retrospectively evaluated. Clinical and pulmonary CT findings in the patients were assessed. Patients with concurrent infection including Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 72), Haemophilus influenzae (n = 61) or multiple pathogens were excluded from this study. RESULTS: The study group comprised 109 patients (66 male, 43 female; age range 28-102 years; mean age 74.9 years). Among the 109 patients, 34 had community-acquired and 75 had nosocomial infections. Underlying diseases included pulmonary emphysema (n = 74), cardiovascular disease (n = 44) or malignant disease (n = 41). Abnormal findings were seen on CT scans in all patients and included ground-glass opacity (n = 99), bronchial wall thickening (n = 85) and centrilobular nodules (n = 79). These abnormalities were predominantly seen in the peripheral lung parenchyma (n = 99). Pleural effusion was found in eight patients. No patients had mediastinal and/or hilar lymph node enlargement. CONCLUSIONS: M. catarrhalis pulmonary infection was observed in elderly patients, often in combination with pulmonary emphysema. CT manifestations of infection were mainly ground-glass opacity, bronchial wall thickening and centilobular nodules.

Acute Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia alone and with concurrent infection: comparison of clinical and thin-section CT findings.

The purpose of this study was to identify the clinical and thin-section CT findings in patients with acute Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia (KPP) alone and with concurrent infection. We retrospectively identified 160 patients with acute KPP who underwent chest thin-section CT examinations between August 1998 and August 2008 at our institution. The study group comprised 80 patients (54 male, 26 female; age range 18-97 years, mean age 61.5) with acute KPP alone, 55 (43 male, 12 female; age range 46-92 years, mean age 76.0) with KPP combined with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 25 (23 male, 2 female; age range 56-91 years, mean age 72.7) with KPP combined with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Underlying diseases in patients with each type of pneumonia were assessed. Parenchymal abnormalities were evaluated along with enlarged lymph nodes and pleural effusion. In patients with concurrent pneumonia, underlying conditions such as cardiac diseases, diabetes mellitus and malignancy were significantly more frequent than in patients with KPP alone. The mortality rate in patients with KPP combined with MRSA or PA was significantly higher than in those with KPP alone. In concurrent KPP, CT findings of centrilobular nodules, bronchial wall thickening, cavity, bronchiectasis, nodules and pleural effusion were significantly more frequent with concurrent pneumonia than in those with KPP alone.

Venous structures at the craniocervical junction: anatomical variations evaluated by multidetector row CT.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomy of and normal variations in the craniocervical junction veins. We retrospectively reviewed 50 patients who underwent contrast-enhanced CT with a multidetector scanner. Axial and reconstructed images were evaluated by two neuroradiologists with special attention being paid to the existence and size of veins and their relationships with other venous branches around the craniocervical junction. The venous structures contributing to craniocervical junction venous drainage, including the inferior petrosal sinus (IPS), transverse-sigmoid sinus, jugular vein, condylar vein, marginal sinus and suboccipital cavernous sinus were well depicted in all cases. The occipital sinus (OS) was identified in 18 cases, including 4 cases of prominent-type OS. The IPS showed variations in drainage to the jugular vein through the jugular foramen or intraosseous course of occipital bone via the petroclival fissure. In all cases, the anterior condylar veins connected the anterior condylar confluence to the marginal sinus; however, a number of cases with asymmetry and agenesis in the posterior and lateral condylar veins were seen. The posterior condylar vein connected the suboccipital cavernous sinus to the sigmoid sinus or anterior condylar confluence. The posterior condylar canal in the occipital bone showed some differences, which were accompanied by variations in the posterior condylar veins. In conclusion, there are some anatomical variations in the venous structures of the craniocervical junction; knowledge of these differences is important for the diagnosis and treatment of skull base diseases. Contrast-enhanced CT using a multidetector scanner is useful for evaluating venous structures in the craniocervical junction.

Termination of the vertebral veins: Evaluation by multidetector row computed tomography.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the topographic anatomy of the vertebral vein (VV) in the lower neck and thoracic inlet using CT scans. Enhanced CT scans using 32-MDCT were obtained for 199 consecutive patients. Reconstructed images with 1-mm section thickness/intervals were evaluated by two radiologists examining the drainage point, number, and route of VVs using frame forwarding and the rewind function on the DICOM viewer. The VV was classified into four types as follows: Type A (80.6%), a VV that descended ventral to the subclavian artery (SA) and drained into the upper portion of the brachiocephalic vein (BCV); Type B (5.8%), a VV that descended dorsal to the SA and drained into the upper portion or the lower portion of the BCV; Type C (8.3%), a doubled VVs that crossed both sides of the SA and drained into the upper portion of the BCV and formed a common trunk; Type D (5.3%), a VV ventral to the SA that drained into the upper portion of the BCV and another VV dorsal to the SA drained into the upper portion or the lower portion of the BCV. Some variations were observed in regard to the drainage point, number, and route of the VVs. Classification of the VV may be useful for interpreting chest CT scans and in better understanding the embryologic development of the vertebral vein.

Carcinoid tumors of the pancreas: dynamic CT and MRI features with pathological correlation.

BACKGROUND: Carcinoid tumor of the pancreas is rare, and there are few reports that described its CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. We describe the characteristic CT and MRI findings in four cases of carcinoid tumor of the pancreas. METHODS: Radiologic and pathologic features were analyzed in four patients. All patients underwent triple-phase dynamic CT and MRI. RESULTS: The tumor size in the four cases ranged 15-20 mm and intratumoral calcification was detected in one case. On triple-phase dynamic CT, the peak enhancement of the tumors was seen at the arterial dominant phase in three cases; the remaining one was at the portal venous phase with prolonged contrast-enhancement effect. The tumors showed low to high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. Dilatation of the main pancreatic ducts (MPDs) distal to the tumors was seen in three cases, in which tumor invasion into the MPDs was pathologically confirmed. Furthermore, the tumors having mild to severe fibrosis pathologically invaded into the peripancreatic lymphatics or nerves. CONCLUSION: It would be characteristic of carcinoid tumor of the pancreas to be well enhanced at the arterial dominant phase on dynamic CT, and to highly invade into the MPDs and the peripancreatic lymphatics or nerves.

Primary malignant lymphoma of the gallbladder: a case report and literature review.

Primary malignant lymphoma of the gallbladder is extremely rare and the associated radiological findings are not well described in the literature. We report a case of malignant lymphoma in the gallbladder wall of a 78-year-old woman. Pre-operative CT and MRI showed homogeneous submucosal thickening of the gallbladder wall with a preserved mucosal surface. These unique radiological findings may be useful for diagnosing malignant lymphoma of the gallbladder.

Comparison of pulmonary CT findings and serum KL-6 levels in patients with cryptogenic organizing pneumonia.

The aim of this study was to retrospectively compare high-resolution CT findings among cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) patients with normal and elevated serum KL-6 levels. Chest CT scans performed between April 1999 and April 2007 in 20 COP patients with a normal KL-6 level and 17 COP patients with an elevated KL-6 level were evaluated retrospectively by two chest radiologists. The CT findings in the COP patients with either a normal or an elevated KL-6 level mainly consisted of consolidation (n = 17 and n = 13, respectively) followed by ground-glass opacity (n = 11 and n = 13, respectively). Traction bronchiectasis and architectural distortion were significantly more frequent in patients with an elevated KL-6 level than in those with normal levels (n = 7 and n = 1, and n = 13 and n = 3, respectively) (p = 0.0077 and p = 0.00017, respectively). In follow-up CT scans, a relapse within 1 year after initial treatment with steroids, performed in 16 patients with a normal KL-6 level and 16 with an elevated KL-6 level, occurred in 2 (12.5%) patients with a normal KL-6 level and in 6 (37.5%) with an elevated KL-6 level. The frequency of relapse in patients with an elevated KL-6 level was higher than in those with a normal KL-6 level; however, no significant difference between the two groups was observed (p = 0.103). In conclusion, CT findings of traction bronchiectasis and architectural distortion in COP patients are associated with increased serum KL-6 levels, which might be related to a relapse after treatment.

Dural arteriovenous fistula involving the posterior condylar canal.

Although dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) occur in any structure that is covered by the dura mater, DAVFs at the posterior condylar canal have not been reported. We present a DAVF that involves the posterior condylar canal and drains into the posterior condylar vein and the occipital sinus, which was treated by selective transvenous embolization. Knowledge of venous anatomy of the craniocervical junction and careful assessment of the location of the arteriovenous fistula can contribute to successful treatment.

Inferior mesenteric veno-caval shunt: imaging features and interventional treatment.

AIM: To describe the imaging features of inferior mesenteric vein (IMV)-inferior vena cava (IVC) shunts, and to describe a treatment strategy for portosystemic encephalopathy, which can be caused by them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2000 and 2004, we treated seven patients who had symptomatic IMV-IVC shunts. The results of imaging investigations, which included contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), angiography, and CT during arterial portography, were reviewed retrospectively. We also present our results in the four patients who were treated by retrograde transcaval obliteration (RTCO). RESULTS: The IMV-IVC shunts had a tortuous or cirsoid appearance ranging in size from 7.2-14.6 mm. The shunts were located at a level near to the first branch of the inferior mesenteric artery. The four patients were successfully treated by RTCO and their clinical symptoms improved. CONCLUSION: IMV-IVC shunts show a tortuous or cirsoid appearance, connecting at or near the first branch of the inferior mesenteric artery. For symptomatic IMV-IVC shunts, RTCO is recommended as the first choice treatment.

Selective transvenous embolization of dural arteriovenous fistulas involving the hypoglossal canal.

SUMMARY: The hypoglossal canal contains a venous plexus that connects the inferior petrous sinus, condylar vein, jugular vein and paravertebral plexus. The venous plexus is one of the venous drainage routes of the posterior skull base. Only a few cases of dural arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) involving the hypoglossal canal have been reported. We describe three cases (a 62-year-old female, a 52-year-old male, and an 83-year-old male) of dural AVFs involving the hypoglossal canal. Symptoms were pulse-synchronous bruit in two cases and proptosis/chemosis in one. All dural AVFs were mainly fed by the ipsilateral ascending pharyngeal artery. Two of three dural AVFs involving the hypoglossal canal mainly drained through the anterior condylar confluence into the inferior petrosal sinus retrogradely with antegrade drainage through the lateral condylar vein. The other one drained through the lateral and posterior condylar veins into the suboccipital cavernous sinus. All dural AVFs were completely occluded by selective transvenous embolization without any complications, and the symptoms disappeared within one week in all cases. Dural AVFs involving the hypoglossal canal can be successfully treated by selective transvenous embolization with critical evaluation of venous anatomy in each case.

Para-cavernous sinus venous structures: anatomic variations and pathologic conditions evaluated on fat-suppressed 3D fast gradient-echo MR images.

BACKGROUND: The cavernous sinus communicates with several para-cavernous sinus venous structures, receiving blood flow from the superficial middle cerebral vein (SMCV), the sphenoparietal sinus (SPS), and the superior ophthalmic vein, and draining into the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses and pterygoid and basilar plexuses. Anatomic variations of these veins have been previously reported; however, some details, such as the relationship between the SPS and the SMCV, are incompletely characterized. The anatomic variations of para-cavernous sinus veins, especially drainage patterns of the SMCV, were evaluated on MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven patients, including those without any lesions affecting the cavernous sinus or para-cavernous veins and patients with carotid cavernous fistulas, were examined by using fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced 3D fast gradient-echo MR imaging. Two neuroradiologists evaluated the images on a viewer, regarding the normal anatomy and the pathologic findings of the para-cavernous sinus veins. RESULTS: The fat-suppressed 3D fast gradient-echo MR images clearly depicted the para-cavernous sinus venous structures in all patients. SMCVs had 4 variations in the drainage patterns. The most frequent pattern was drainage into the SPS (39%), and other types were draining into cavernous sinus, pterygoid plexus, and tentorial sinus. The SPS had 3 variations. The most frequent pattern was drainage into cavernous sinus (72%), and others were the hypoplastic type or those draining into pterygoid plexus. CONCLUSION: The fat-suppressed 3D fast gradient-echo MR image is useful for evaluating the venous structures in the skull base. Knowledge of the variations is important for diagnosis and endovascular treatment of the cavernous sinus lesions.

Basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland: MR imaging findings with pathologic correlation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Basal cell adenomas (BCAs) are rare tumors of the parotid gland. Only a few case reports describing MR imaging features of BCA have been published. The aim of this study was to describe and characterize the MR findings of BCAs of the parotid gland. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed MR images of BCA with pathologic correlation in 8 cases (2 men and 6 women; age range, 52-82 years) collected between January 1992 and August 2004 from our pathologic data base. All MR images were retrospectively evaluated with respect to the marginal morphology, signal intensity (SI), and enhancement behavior by 2 experienced radiologists. RESULTS: On pathologic examination, 5 tumors were solid type, 2 were trabecular type, and 1 was membranous type. All of the tumors were well circumscribed with smooth contours. Cystic changes were seen in 4 cases. On T1-weighted images (T1WI), 7 tumors showed homogeneously low SI equal to muscle and one showed heterogeneously low SI. On T2-weighted images (T2WI), all of them showed slightly lower SI than that of surrounding parotid tissue. On gadolinium-enhanced T1WI, 6 tumors demonstrated moderate enhancement and one demonstrated strong enhancement (membranous type). Dynamic studies were performed in 4 cases. All showed rapid and prolonged enhancement. CONCLUSION: MR imaging findings of BCA were well-defined and smooth marginal morphologies, relatively low SI on both T11W and T2WI, and rapid and prolonged enhancement on dynamic study. Although BCAs are rare, they should be suspected when a tumor shows all of the characteristics noted here.