ABSTRACT
Wide-line 1 H NMR measurements were extended and all results were interpreted in a thermodynamics-based new approach on aqueous solutions of thymosin-ß4 (Tß4 ), stabilin cytoplasmic domain (CTD), and their 1 : 1 complex. Energy distributions of potential barriers controlling the motion of protein-bound water molecules were determined. Heterogeneous and homogeneous regions were found in the protein-water interface. The measure of heterogeneity of this interface gives quantitative value for the portion of disordered parts in the protein. Ordered structural elements were found extending up to â¼20 % of the individual whole proteins. About 40 % of the binding sites of free Tß4 get involved in bonds holding the complex together. The complex has the most heterogeneous solvent accessible surface (SAS) in terms of protein-water interactions. The complex is more disordered than Tß4 or stabilin CTD. The greater SAS area of the complex is interpreted as a clear sign of its open structure.
Subject(s)
Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism , Thymosin/metabolism , Binding Sites , Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/chemistry , Humans , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular , Protein Binding , Protein Domains , Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Thermodynamics , Thymosin/chemistry , Transition Temperature , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
The effectiveness of triacontanol in the micropropagation of two woody, economically important fruit plant species was investigated. Triacontanol was added to the routine multiplication and rooting media of apple (Malus domestica cv. JTE-E4) and sour cherry (Cerasus fruticosa cv. Probocskai) rootstocks at concentrations of 2, 5, 10 and 20 µg/l. It was found to increase the number of shoots and the fresh weight of apple in the multiplication phase and to enhance root number and chlorophyll content in the rooting phase. The addition of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to the media further improved the effect of triacontanol. A less pronounced effect could be seen in the multiplication phase of sour cherry, although there was an enhancement of shoot proliferation. In the rooting phase, however, the application of triacontanol caused a significant increase in the number of roots per plant, and this effect was further improved when triacontanol was combined with 0.5 mg indole-3-butyric acid/l.
ABSTRACT
Triacontanol, a long-chain primary alcohol was found to be an effective growth regulator in the micropropagation of balm, Melissa officinalis. In both the multiplication and the rooting phase, concentrations of 2, 5, 10 and 20 µg triacontanol per liter were applied. After 4 weeks of culture, the fresh weight of shoots was measured in the multiplication phase and root formation, photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll content and the fresh and dry weights of shoots were analyzed in the root induction phase. In the multiplication phase, 5 µg/l triacontanol was found to be the optimal concentration, while in the rooting phase 2 µg/l was the most effective. Triacontanol increased the number and length of roots, and it enhanced shoot growth, fresh weight, and the chlorophyll content, but it had no effect on the dry weight and the photosynthetic activity of the plants. Results of our work demonstrate that triacontanol can be applied as an effective growth regulator in the tissue culture of balm.
