ABSTRACT
A novel series of spirocyclic-diamine based, isoform non-selective inhibitors of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is described. These spirodiamine derivatives were discovered by design of a library to mimic the structural rigidity and hydrogen-bonding pattern observed in the co-crystal structure of spirochromanone inhibitor I. The lead compound 3.5.1 inhibited de novo lipogenesis in rat hepatocytes, with an IC50 of 0.30 µM.
Subject(s)
Acetyl Coenzyme A/metabolism , Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Discovery , Hepatocytes/drug effects , Spiro Compounds/chemistry , Spiro Compounds/pharmacology , Animals , Enzyme Activation/drug effects , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Hepatocytes/enzymology , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Models, Biological , Molecular Structure , Rats , Small Molecule Libraries/chemistry , Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacologyABSTRACT
DGAT-1 is an enzyme that catalyzes the final step in triglyceride synthesis. mRNA knockout experiments in rodent models suggest that inhibitors of this enzyme could be of value in the treatment of obesity and type II diabetes. The carboxylic acid-based DGAT-1 inhibitor 1 was advanced to clinical trials for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, despite of the low passive permeability of 1. Because of questions relating to the potential attenuation of distribution and efficacy of a poorly permeable agent, efforts were initiated to identify compounds with improved permeability. Replacement of the acid moiety in 1 with an oxadiazole led to the discovery of 52, which possesses substantially improved passive permeability. The resulting pharmacodynamic profile of this neutral DGAT-1 inhibitor was found to be similar to 1 at comparable plasma exposures.
Subject(s)
Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase/antagonists & inhibitors , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Oxazepines/chemistry , Administration, Oral , Animals , Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase/metabolism , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Half-Life , Humans , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Obese , Obesity/drug therapy , Oxadiazoles/chemistry , Oxazepines/pharmacokinetics , Oxazepines/therapeutic use , Protein Binding , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
This paper describes the design and synthesis of a novel series of dual inhibitors of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and 2 (ACC1 and ACC2). Key findings include the discovery of an initial lead that was modestly potent and subsequent medicinal chemistry optimization with a focus on lipophilic efficiency (LipE) to balance overall druglike properties. Free-Wilson methodology provided a clear breakdown of the contributions of specific structural elements to the overall LipE, a rationale for prioritization of virtual compounds for synthesis, and a highly successful prediction of the LipE of the resulting analogues. Further preclinical assays, including in vivo malonyl-CoA reduction in both rat liver (ACC1) and rat muscle (ACC2), identified an advanced analogue that progressed to regulatory toxicity studies.
Subject(s)
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase/antagonists & inhibitors , Benzimidazoles/chemical synthesis , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemical synthesis , Indazoles/chemical synthesis , Indoles/chemical synthesis , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Spiro Compounds/chemical synthesis , Animals , Benzimidazoles/chemistry , Drug Design , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry , Indazoles/chemistry , Indoles/chemistry , Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors , Liver/enzymology , Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship , Rats , Spiro Compounds/chemistryABSTRACT
Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT-1) catalyzes the final committed step in the biosynthesis of triglycerides. DGAT-1 knockout mice have been shown to be resistant to diet-induced obesity and have increased insulin sensitivity. Thus, inhibition of DGAT-1 may represent an attractive target for the treatment of obesity or type II diabetes. Herein, we report the discovery and characterization of a potent and selective DGAT-1 inhibitor PF-04620110 (3). Compound 3 inhibits DGAT-1 with an IC50 of 19 nM and shows high selectivity versus a broad panel of off-target pharmacologic end points. In vivo DGAT-1 inhibition has been demonstrated through reduction of plasma triglyceride levels in rodents at doses of ≥0.1 mg/kg following a lipid challenge. On the basis of this pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic profile, compound 3 has been advanced to human clinical studies.
ABSTRACT
Screening Pfizer's compound library resulted in the identification of weak acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors, from which were obtained rACC1 CT-domain co-crystal structures. Utilizing HTS hits and structure-based drug discovery, a more rigid inhibitor was designed and led to the discovery of sub-micromolar, spirochromanone non-specific ACC inhibitors. Low nanomolar, non-specific ACC-isozyme inhibitors that exhibited good rat pharmacokinetics were obtained from this chemotype.
