ABSTRACT
Metabolic alterations are increasingly recognized as important novel anti-cancer targets. Among several regulators of metabolic alterations, fructose 2,6 bisphosphate (F2,6BP) is a critical glycolytic regulator. Inhibition of the active form of PFKFB3ser461 using a novel inhibitor, PFK158 resulted in reduced glucose uptake, ATP production, lactate release as well as induction of apoptosis in gynecologic cancer cells. Moreover, we found that PFK158 synergizes with carboplatin (CBPt) and paclitaxel (PTX) in the chemoresistant cell lines, C13 and HeyA8MDR but not in their chemosensitive counterparts, OV2008 and HeyA8, respectively. We determined that PFK158-induced autophagic flux leads to lipophagy resulting in the downregulation of cPLA2, a lipid droplet (LD) associated protein. Immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation revealed colocalization of p62/SQSTM1 with cPLA2 in HeyA8MDR cells uncovering a novel pathway for the breakdown of LDs promoted by PFK158. Interestingly, treating the cells with the autophagic inhibitor bafilomycin A reversed the PFK158-mediated synergy and lipophagy in chemoresistant cells. Finally, in a highly metastatic PTX-resistant in vivo ovarian mouse model, a combination of PFK158 with CBPt significantly reduced tumor weight and ascites and reduced LDs in tumor tissue as seen by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy compared to untreated mice. Since the majority of cancer patients will eventually recur and develop chemoresistance, our results suggest that PFK158 in combination with standard chemotherapy may have a direct clinical role in the treatment of recurrent cancer.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology , Autophagy/drug effects , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy , Phosphofructokinase-2/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyridines/pharmacology , Quinolines/pharmacology , Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays , Animals , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Apoptosis/drug effects , Carboplatin/administration & dosage , Cell Line, Tumor , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects , Drug Synergism , Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Female , Glycolysis/drug effects , Humans , Lipid Droplets/drug effects , Lipid Droplets/metabolism , Mice, Nude , Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism , Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology , Paclitaxel/administration & dosage , Phosphofructokinase-2/metabolism , Pyridines/therapeutic use , Quinolines/therapeutic useABSTRACT
In human cancers, loss of PTEN, stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor-1α, and activation of Ras and AKT converge to increase the activity of a key regulator of glycolysis, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFKFB3). This enzyme synthesizes fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F26BP), which is an activator of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase, a key step of glycolysis. Previously, a weak competitive inhibitor of PFKFB3, 3-(3-pyridinyl)-1-(4-pyridinyl)-2-propen-1-one (3PO), was found to reduce the glucose metabolism and proliferation of cancer cells. We have synthesized 73 derivatives of 3PO and screened each compound for activity against recombinant PFKFB3. One small molecule, 1-(4-pyridinyl)-3-(2-quinolinyl)-2-propen-1-one (PFK15), was selected for further preclinical evaluation of its pharmacokinetic, antimetabolic, and antineoplastic properties in vitro and in vivo. We found that PFK15 causes a rapid induction of apoptosis in transformed cells, has adequate pharmacokinetic properties, suppresses the glucose uptake and growth of Lewis lung carcinomas in syngeneic mice, and yields antitumor effects in three human xenograft models of cancer in athymic mice that are comparable to U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved chemotherapeutic agents. As a result of this study, a synthetic derivative and formulation of PFK15 has undergone investigational new drug (IND)-enabling toxicology and safety studies. A phase I clinical trial of its efficacy in advanced cancer patients will initiate in 2013 and we anticipate that this new class of antimetabolic agents will yield acceptable therapeutic indices and prove to be synergistic with agents that disrupt neoplastic signaling.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Neoplasms/metabolism , Phosphofructokinase-2/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Apoptosis/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Female , Glucose/metabolism , Humans , Jurkat Cells , Mice , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Molecular Targeted Therapy , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neoplasms/pathology , Phosphofructokinase-2/chemistry , Phosphofructokinase-2/metabolism , Protein Binding , Small Molecule Libraries , Tumor Burden/drug effects , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
Magnetic targeted carriers (MTC) are magnetically susceptible microparticles that can be physically targeted to a specific site. MTC were radiolabeled with (111)In using three different methods. Reaction parameters were investigated in order to optimize the final properties of the labeled MTC. The reaction parameters studied were chelation agent, chelation time, temperature, radiolabeling time, solvent, and molar ratios. A 97.7 +/- 0.9% binding efficiency and plasma stability of 92.6 +/- 0.1% over 7 days were achieved when 2-p-aminobenzyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetra-acetic acid (ABz-DOTA) was used as the chelating agent. A preliminary animal biodistribution study confirmed the binding stability. The labeling of the MTC with the diagnostic isotope (111)In was undertaken to allow for quantitative imaging and dosimetry prior to therapy with (90)Y radiolabeled MTC.
