[Body composition and energy metabolism at rest].

Indicators of body composition determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (total body water, extracellular water mass, intracellular water mass, skeletal muscle mass, soft lean mass, protein, mineral mass, fat mass) were compared with the resting metabolic rate values (RMR). Studies were conducted in adults of different occupations, gender, age, weight and height. In total, the survey involved 180 people, residents of Nizhny Novgorod (70 men and 110 women) aged 17 to 63 years. It was shown that the normalization of the RMR with the parameters of the bioelectrical impedance analysis reduced the scatter of individual values. Comparison of the normalization results allowed us to estimate the interconnection between the RMR and the body composition. It was obtained statistical formulas for the relation of the RMR with the bioelectrical impedance. The greatest effect was found with the normalization of lean mass, as well as intracellular and extracellular water masses. The smallest effect was detected with the normalization of body fat. We obtained statistical formulas for the relation of the RMR with the bioelectrical impedance parameters. The highest correlations were found between the RMR and the lean mass, muscle mass and total water mass, the lowest with the fat mass. Role of the metabolically active tissue in energy metabolism, including the role of the intracellular and extracellular water is discussed. The results confirm the importance of the metabolically active tissues in the formation of the value of the RMR. Identified dependencies and high correlation between the RMR and the bioelectrical impedance parameters allows us to use these as a fast and convenient method for the approximate estimation of the RMR.

[Energy expenditure and food energy intake in different professional groups of N. Novgorod].

In this paper we have studied the energy expenditure and food energy consumption of different professional groups of the adult population of the city N. Novgorod. Assessment of daily energy expenditure was performed using the coefficients of physical activity (CPA) in the working period, the free time and the total daily average activity. It is shown that the rest time averaged 40-50%, while physical activity time 60-50%, respectively. The ratio of physical activity duration to rest duration was similar in the groups with different CPA. It was revealed that the proportion of energy expenditure associated with physical activity accounted for 70-80% and was higher in the groups of occupations with a higher work intensity. It was found that on the amount of daily physical activity the CPA of the working period has a more significant impact than the CPA of the rest time. To estimate the energy intake we use data on the chemical composition and energy value of the diet. The use of the relationship of dietary energy to the value of basal metabolism allowed to compare the values of energy expenditure between different professional groups. The advantage of the new energy expenditure unit is that it, as well as the CPA, is practically independent of sex, age, height and weight. Analysis of the relationship of energy consumption and energy expenditure did not reveal any dependence on the activity in the working period or the daily physical activity. Based on these data we discuss the feasibility of normalization of the physical activity and the prevention of sedentary lifestyles.

[Contemporary methods of daily energy expenditure measurement in the system of the nutritional status estimation].

Daily energy expenditure measurement have great significance in such fields of research as nutrition, medicine, sport, physical activity, way of life, etc. Article is dedicated to the survey of the principal methods of the energy expenditure measurement: direct calorimetry, the double labeled water method, indirect calorimetry, heart rate monitoring, and accelerometry. For evaluating the daily energy expenditure most informative is the combination of indirect calorimetry, heart rate monitoring and accelerometry.

[Effect of fatty component in ration and coenzyme Q10 on indices of rat lipid metabolism in ontogenesis].

The studies made on rats of 1, 3, 6 and 12 months with fish, palm and linseed oil included in the ration in combination of KoQ10, showed that beginning from young age till 12 months fatty acid composition of liver depended of fat component in the ration. Long-term consumption of fish fat with age results in significant increase in omega 3 fatty acids. In this case the omega 6 fatty acids level remained rather high being indicative of organism adaptation and inclusion of compensatory mechanisms supporting the required level of omega 6. With rat age the content of of KoQ10 in liver of rats of the control group and animals fed by of KoQ10 and palm oil with of KoQ10 decreased by 15-27%, while the consumption of linseed oil and fish fat with tended to increase the content of KoQ10 by 30 and 35%, respectively.

[Use of fructose as an energy substrate in the body of rats given food containing various amounts of carbohydrate]. / Ispol'zovanie fruktozy v kachestve énergeticheskogo substrata v organizme krysy pri razlichnom uglevodnom sostave pishchi.

Production of radioactive CO2 from 14C-fructose administered intraperitoneally was studied in 18 male Wistar rats given food containing saccharose with calorific value of 0-56%. Intensive CO2 labeling was completed 3-4 h after 14C-fructose administration. More radioactive CO2 was formed in rats which received food without fructose, during first 30-60 min after 14C-fructose administration. About 20-30% of radioactivity introduced with fructose was excreted from the body with CO2 expired during 6 h, that correlated with the data on CO2 production from glucose. Thus, despite a number of principle differences in fructose and glucose metabolism, similar portions of their pool are used for direct provision of the body with energy.

[Effect of food carbohydrate quality on monosaccharide utilization for the biosynthesis of glycogen, fat and proteins in the rat liver]. / Vliianie kachestva uglevodov pishchi na utilizatsiiu monosakharov dlia sinteza glikogena, zhira i belkov v pecheni krys.

The inclusion of 3H-6-glucose and 14C-fructose metabolites into the rat liver glycogen, lipids and protein was studied in male rats receiving the rations containing 56% of carbohydrates, 18% protein, 26% fat, necessary amount of mineral substances and vitamins, during 25 days. Animals given the ration with starch, as a carbohydrate, were used as controls. In the ration of animals in groups 2, 3 and 4 some portion of starch (30% calorific value) was substituted for glucose, sucrose of the mixture of glucose and fructose (1:1). It was found that in the liver of animals given pure starch, radioactivity from 3H-6-glucose was included mainly into proteins, when starch was partly substituted for monosaccharide--mainly into lipids. These regularities were recorded in the distribution of radioactivity from 14C-fructose, all the parameters being shifted in the direction of increased inclusion of radioactivity into lipids. Partial substitution of starch for sucrose specifically changed the radioactivity distribution between proteins and lipids, thus revealing a distinct "disaccharide" effect.

[Effect of a carbohydrate-free diet on changes in lipid and proteins levels in rat tissues]. / Vliianie bezuglevodnogo ratsiona na obnovlenie lipidov i belkov v tkaniiakh krys.

The influence of carbohydrate-free and high-fatty (82% calorific value) ration on the content and turnover of proteins and lipids in the liver and perirenal fatty tissue was studied in experiments in vivo, in male Wistar rats (n = 23) with initial body weight (bw) 200 +/- 10 g. One month after the feeding with the ration studied bw of rats given carbohydrate-free diets did not differ from that of the control animals. The protein content was decreased and its turnover slowed down in hepatocytes of rats given carbohydrate-free ration. No significant changes were detected in the lipid content and turnover in hepatocytes. No changes were recorded in the protein content and turnover in the rat fatty tissue; however, significant changes were observed in the lipid turnover. They were manifest in an increased use of ramified aminoacid metabolites in lipid synthesis, and in speeding up the lipid turnover.