ABSTRACT
During Drosophila embryonic development, cell death eliminates 30% of the primordial germ cells (PGCs). Inhibiting apoptosis does not prevent PGC death, suggesting a divergence from the conventional apoptotic program. Here, we demonstrate that PGCs normally activate an intrinsic alternative cell death (ACD) pathway mediated by DNase II release from lysosomes, leading to nuclear translocation and subsequent DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). DSBs activate the DNA damage-sensing enzyme, Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and the ATR/Chk1 branch of the DNA damage response. PARP-1 and DNase II engage in a positive feedback amplification loop mediated by the release of PAR polymers from the nucleus and the nuclear accumulation of DNase II in an AIF- and CypA-dependent manner, ultimately resulting in PGC death. Given the anatomical and molecular similarities with an ACD pathway called parthanatos, these findings reveal a parthanatos-like cell death pathway active during Drosophila development.
Subject(s)
Drosophila/drug effects , Embryonic Development/physiology , Embryonic Germ Cells/physiology , Endodeoxyribonucleases/metabolism , Parthanatos/physiology , Animals , Animals, Genetically Modified , Cell Nucleus/metabolism , DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded , Drosophila/cytology , Drosophila Proteins/genetics , Drosophila Proteins/metabolism , Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology , Embryonic Germ Cells/cytology , Endodeoxyribonucleases/genetics , Feedback, Physiological , Female , Lysosomes/metabolism , Male , Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1/genetics , Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1/metabolism , Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose/metabolismABSTRACT
Maintenance of tissue integrity during development and homeostasis requires the precise coordination of several cell-based processes, including cell death. In animals, the majority of such cell death occurs by apoptosis, a process mediated by caspase proteases. To elucidate the role of caspases in tissue integrity, we investigated the behavior of Drosophila epithelial cells that are severely compromised for caspase activity. We show that these cells acquire migratory and invasive capacities, either within 1-2 days following irradiation or spontaneously during development. Importantly, low levels of effector caspase activity, which are far below the threshold required to induce apoptosis, can potently inhibit this process, as well as a distinct, developmental paradigm of primordial germ cell migration. These findings may have implications for radiation therapy in cancer treatment. Furthermore, given the presence of caspases throughout metazoa, our results could imply that preventing unwanted cell migration constitutes an ancient non-apoptotic function of these proteases.
