ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Parents' lifestyle and nutrition can program offspring obesity in adulthood. We hypothesized that maternal swimming has beneficial effects on the adversity caused by paternal obesity on offspring. METHODS: Twelve-week-old male C57 BL/6 J mice (fed a high-fat diet, obese father [ObFa], or control diet, lean father [LFa]) were mated with female mice fed only the control diet. Mothers were trained (TMo) or untrained (UMo): swimming for 6 wk before and the first 2 wk of gestation. Pups were fed only the control diet. RESULTS: Fathers showed different body mass (BM) at copulation, but not the mothers. The ObFa had 20% higher BM than the LFa. Twelve-week-old ObFa/UMo offspring showed a higher BM gain than the LFa/UMo and ObFa/TMo. There was BM sexual dimorphism in the LFa/UMo (female mice +24% than male mice). There was hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in the ObFa/UMo, but low glycemia and insulin levels were seen in the ObFa/TMo. There was augmented liver steatosis in the ObFa/UMo compared with the LFa/UMo, and the ObFa/TMo compared with the LFa/TMo, but reduced steatosis in the ObFa/TMo compared with the ObFa/UMo. In addition, lipogenic markers were more expressed and beta-oxidation markers less expressed in the ObFa/UMo compared with the LFa/UMo, but the opposite was observed in the ObFa/TMo compared with the ObFa/UMo. Proinflammatory markers were higher in the liver of the ObFa/UMo compared with the LFa/UMo and lower in the ObFa/TMo compared with the ObFa/UMo. CONCLUSIONS: Obese fathers produced offspring that were overweight and had altered fasting glycemia and insulin sensitivity, leading to higher liver lipogenesis and inflammation, as well as lower beta-oxidation. The swimming mother mitigated these adverse effects in mice offspring.
