ABSTRACT
The genome-wide abundance of two histone modifications, H3K4me3 and H3K9ac (both associated with actively expressed genes), was monitored in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves at different time points during developmental senescence along with expression in the form of RNA sequencing data. H3K9ac and H3K4me3 marks were highly convergent at all stages of leaf aging, but H3K4me3 marks covered nearly 2 times the gene area as H3K9ac marks. Genes with the greatest fold change in expression displayed the largest positively correlated percentage change in coverage for both marks. Most senescence up-regulated genes were premarked by H3K4me3 and H3K9ac but at levels below the whole-genome average, and for these genes, gene expression increased without a significant increase in either histone mark. However, for a subset of genes showing increased or decreased expression, the respective gain or loss of H3K4me3 marks was found to closely match the temporal changes in mRNA abundance; 22% of genes that increased expression during senescence showed accompanying changes in H3K4me3 modification, and they include numerous regulatory genes, which may act as primary response genes.
Subject(s)
Arabidopsis/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Genome, Plant/genetics , Histone Code , Histones/genetics , Arabidopsis/growth & development , Arabidopsis/physiology , Base Sequence , Gene Expression , Histones/metabolism , Methylation , Molecular Sequence Data , Plant Leaves/genetics , Plant Leaves/growth & development , Plant Leaves/physiology , RNA, Plant/genetics , RNA, Plant/metabolism , Sequence Analysis, RNA , Time Factors , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
Autotransporter (AT) is a protein secretion pathway found in Gram-negative bacteria featuring a multidomain polypeptide with a signal sequence, a passenger domain, and a translocator domain. An AT subfamily named serine protease ATs of the family Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) is characterized by the presence of a conserved serine protease motif in the passenger domain which contributes to bacterial pathogenesis. The goal of the current study is to determine the importance of the passenger domain conserved residues in the SPATE proteolytic and adhesive functions using the temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin (Tsh) protein as our model. To begin, mutations of 21 fully conserved residues in the four passenger domain conserved motifs were constructed by PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis. Seventeen mutants exhibited a wild-type secretion level; among these mutants, eight displayed reduced proteolytic activities in Tsh-specific oligopeptide and mucin cleavage assays. These eight mutants also demonstrated lower affinities to extracellular matrix proteins, collagen IV, and fibronectin. These eight conserved residues were analyzed by molecular graphics modeling to demonstrate their intramolecular interactions with the catalytic triad and other key residues. Additional mutations were made to confirm the above interactions in order to demonstrate their significance to the SPATE functions. Altogether our data suggest that certain conserved residues in the SPATE passenger domain are important for both the proteolytic and adhesive activities of SPATE by maintaining the proper protein structure via intramolecular interactions between the protease and beta-helical domains. Here, we provide new insight into the structure-function relationship of the SPATEs and the functional roles of their conserved residues.
