Improving protein therapeutic development through cloud-based data integration.

Pharma 4.0 is a digital evolution of the pharmaceutical industry that automates scientists' traditional workflows with the implementation of modern technologies like cloud pipelines, artificial intelligence, robotic platforms, and augmented reality. Lab data capture (LDC) is an essential strategy for initiating Pharma 4.0 that aggregates and harmonizes siloed lab data from analytical instruments, reporting systems, and operational platforms. This publication describes the execution of LDC within a quantitative PCR (qPCR) workflow using the Tetra Data Platform (TDP). We selected this workflow because the qPCR instrument, the ViiA7, generates discrete file-based data that documents execution of individual assays for quantifying residual DNA throughout biologics process development and product profiling. TDP executes LDC through the deployment of file scanning software agents, scanning and ingestion processes, and a cloud-based parsing pipeline that harmonizes source data. Web applications were developed to query, visualize, and interpret harmonized qPCR data for automated experiment data processing and process control charting from the TDP platform. Our implementation of LDC enables analytical researchers to harness FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reproducible) data practices across the organization and establishes a "compliance-by-code" culture in development labs.

Author Correction: Hidden hassium.

The original version of this In Your Element contained some inaccuracies regarding the stability of fermium, cold and hot fusion techniques, the naming process and chemical investigations; see the correction notice for details.

Big Data from Pharmaceutical Patents: A Computational Analysis of Medicinal Chemists' Bread and Butter.

Multiple recent studies have focused on unraveling the content of the medicinal chemist's toolbox. Here, we present an investigation of chemical reactions and molecules retrieved from U.S. patents over the past 40 years (1976-2015). We used a sophisticated text-mining pipeline to extract 1.15 million unique whole reaction schemes, including reaction roles and yields, from pharmaceutical patents. The reactions were assigned to well-known reaction types such as Wittig olefination or Buchwald-Hartwig amination using an expert system. Analyzing the evolution of reaction types over time, we observe the previously reported bias toward reaction classes like amide bond formations or Suzuki couplings. Our study also shows a steady increase in the number of different reaction types used in pharmaceutical patents but a trend toward lower median yield for some of the reaction classes. Finally, we found that today's typical product molecule is larger, more hydrophobic, and more rigid than 40 years ago.

Synthesis of conolidine, a potent non-opioid analgesic for tonic and persistent pain.

Management of chronic pain continues to represent an area of great unmet biomedical need. Although opioid analgesics are typically embraced as the mainstay of pharmaceutical interventions in this area, they suffer from substantial liabilities that include addiction and tolerance, as well as depression of breathing, nausea and chronic constipation. Because of their suboptimal therapeutic profile, the search for non-opioid analgesics to replace these well-established therapeutics is an important pursuit. Conolidine is a rare C5-nor stemmadenine natural product recently isolated from the stem bark of Tabernaemontana divaricata (a tropical flowering plant used in traditional Chinese, Ayurvedic and Thai medicine). Although structurally related alkaloids have been described as opioid analgesics, no therapeutically relevant properties of conolidine have previously been reported. Here, we describe the first de novo synthetic pathway to this exceptionally rare C5-nor stemmadenine natural product, the first asymmetric synthesis of any member of this natural product class, and the discovery that (±)-, (+)- and (-)-conolidine are potent and efficacious non-opioid analgesics in an in vivo model of tonic and persistent pain.

Preparation of stereodefined homoallylic amines from the reductive cross-coupling of allylic alcohols with imines.

Regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective coupling reactions between imines and allylic alcohols have been developed. These coupling reactions deliver complex homoallylic amine products through a convergent C-C bond forming process that does not proceed through intermediate allylic organometallic reagents. In general, convergent coupling, by exposure of an allylic alkoxide to a preformed Ti-imine complex, occurs with allylic transposition in a predictable and stereocontrolled manner. While simple diastereoselection in these reactions is high, delivering anti-products with ≥20:1 selectivity, the organometallic transformation described is compatible with a diverse range of functionality and substrates (including aliphatic and aromatic imines, allylic silanes, trisubstituted alkenes, vinyl- and aryl halides, trifluoromethyl groups, thioethers, and aromatic heterocycles). Alkene geometry of the products is a complex function of the allylic alcohol structure and is consistent with a mechanistic proposal based on syn-carbometalation followed by syn-elimination by way of a boat-like transition state geometry. Single asymmetric coupling reactions provide a means to translate the stereochemical information of the allylic alcohol to the homoallylic amine or to control diastereoselection in the coupling reactions of achiral allylic alcohols with chiral imines. Double asymmetric coupling reactions are also described that afford a unique means to control stereoselection in these complex convergent coupling processes. Finally, empirical models are proposed that are consistent with the observed stereochemical course of these coupling reactions en route to chiral homoallylic amines possessing di- or trisubstituted alkenes and anti- or syn- relative stereochemistry at the allylic and homoallylic positions.

Aliphatic imines in titanium-mediated reductive cross-coupling: unique reactivity of Ti(O-i-Pr)4/n-BuLi.

A procedure for the coupling of aliphatic imines with allylic and allenic alkoxides is described. The success of these studies was enabled by a unique reactivity profile of Ti(IV) isopropoxide/n-BuLi compared to well-known Ti(IV) isopropoxide/RMgX systems.

Gold(I)-catalyzed cascade cyclization of allenyl epoxides.

Cationic gold(I) phosphite catalysts activate allenes for epoxide cascade reactions. The system is tolerant of numerous functional groups (sulfones, esters, ethers, sulfonamides) and proceeds at room temperature in dichloromethane. The cyclization pathway is sensitive to the substitution pattern of the epoxide and the backbone structure of the A-ring. It is capable of producing medium-ring ethers, fused 6-5 bicyclic, and linked pyran-furan structures. The resulting cycloisomers are reminiscent of structures found in numerous polyether natural products.

Gold(I)-catalyzed intermolecular hydroarylation of allenes with nucleophilic arenes: scope and limitations.

The addition of nucleophilic methoxyarenes to allenes proceeds at room temperature in dichloromethane with a catalytic amount of phosphite-gold(I) precatalyst and silver additive. The addition is regioselective for the allene terminus, and generates E-allylation products without the need for prefunctionalization of the synthons as organometallics or allyl bromides. Coordinating heteroaromatics and sterically hindered allenes do not participate in the reaction.

Gold(I)-catalyzed intramolecular hydroarylation of allenes.

Gold(I) complexes react with 4-allenyl arenes in an exo fashion to furnish vinyl-substituted benzocycles. Phosphite gold(I) monocations were found to be optimal, and the catalyst was tolerant of ethers, esters, and pyrroles. Reactions proceeded in unpurified solvent at room temperature.