Source or Sink? The Role of Residential Host Plants in Asian Citrus Psyllid Infestation of Commercial Citrus Groves.

Citriculture landscapes in the U.S. are typically habitat mosaics of commercial groves interspersed with residential areas supporting a variety of unmanaged citrus. Diaphorina citri the vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the causal agent of Huanglongbing feeds on citrus in both habitats. We postulated that residential citrus function as a 'source' of D. citri that infest groves, functioning as sinks. Here we report on an experimental mark-release-recapture study conducted at the interface of a residential neighborhood and groves. Adult D. citri marked with colored fluorescent powders were released in both habitats (n = 15,300) and their movement within and between milieus monitored. Although the recapture rate of marked psyllids was very low (0.23%), the results were instructive. Most of the recaptured psyllids in residential trees (84.6%) were released within that habitat. In contrast, approximately half of the marked psyllids recovered in groves were released in residential areas. Of all the recaptured psyllids, about 40% changed habitats, but the change was skewed toward movement from residential to grove habitat. These data strongly suggest that there is a constant exchange of D. citri adults between the two habitats, with residential citrus trees functioning as a source habitat of psyllids. The further the residential trees are located from groves, the less likely they will serve as sources of D. citri. Hence, to reduce the risks of citrus grove colonization by D. citri, new groves should be established away from residential habitats where possible, and psyllid management practices must also be implemented in residential habitats.

Response surface methodology reveals proportionality effects of plant species in conservation plantings on occurrence of generalist predatory arthropods.

Multivariate geometric designs for mixture experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) were tested as a means of optimizing plant mixtures to support generalist predatory arthropods. The mixture design included 14 treatment groups, each comprised of six planters and having a proportion of 0.00, 0.17, 0.33, 0.66, or 1.00 of each plant species. The response variable was the frequency of predators trapped on sticky card traps placed in each group and replaced 2 times per week. The following plant species were used: Spring 2017: Euphorbia milii, E. heterophylla, and Phaseolus lunatus; Summer 2017: E. milii, Fagopyrum esculentum, and Chamaecrista fasciculata; and, Summer 2018: E. milii, F. esculentum, and Portulaca umbraticola. Predator occurrence was influenced by: 1) Linear mixture effects, which indicated that predator occurrence was driven by the amount of a single plant species in the mixture; or, 2) Nonlinear blending effects, which indicated that the plant mixture itself had emergent properties that contributed to predator occurrence. Predator abundance was highest in the Spring 2017 experiment and both linear mixture effects and nonlinear blending effects were observed. Predator occurrence decreased in subsequent experiments, which were conducted in the warmer summer months. In both Summer experiments, only linear mixture effects were observed, indicating that predator occurrence was driven by the amount of a single plant species in the test mixtures: Euphorbia milii in 2017 and Portulaca umbraticola in 2018. The results showed that not only did the species composition of a plant mixture drive predator occurrence but that proportionality of species contributed to the outcome as well. This suggests that, when formulating a plant mixture to aid in conservation biological control consideration should be given to the proportion of each plant species included in the mixture. RSM can be an important tool for achieving the goal of optimizing mixtures of plants for conservation biological control.