ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: For low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia cases, pharyngolaryngeal lesions equal to or less than 5 mm in size do not generally progress to invasive carcinoma. However, micro-superficial lesions equal to or less than 5 mm that showed rapid growth have been recently encountered. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of preferential progression of lesions equal to or less than 5 mm in size. METHOD: Gross findings, endoscopic findings and pathological results of 55 lesions measuring equal to or less than 5 mm in diameter were retrospectively reviewed to identify factors that distinguish squamous cell carcinoma or high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia from low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia or non-atypia lesions. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive value of background colouration and intrapapillary capillary loop pattern in differentiation of squamous cell carcinoma or high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia from low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia or non-atypia lesions were all 100 per cent. CONCLUSION: Diagnosis based on background colouration and the intrapapillary capillary loop pattern on narrow-band imaging facilitates the pathological examination of lesions measuring equal to or less than 5 mm.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma in Situ , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , Humans , Retrospective Studies , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Narrow Band Imaging/methods , Predictive Value of Tests , Carcinoma in Situ/diagnostic imaging , Carcinoma in Situ/pathologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Although human paranasal sinuses are critical organs for nitric oxide production, little information is available regarding the role of arginase in alterations of arginine metabolism and nasal nitric oxide levels that may be informative for classifying chronic rhinosinusitis subtypes. METHODS: The expression and localisation of arginase and nitric oxide synthase isoforms in paranasal sinus mucosa were examined, and the fractional exhaled nitric oxide was measured in chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (n=18) and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (n = 27) patients. RESULTS: Increased arginase-2 activities in chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps patients were associated with significantly lower levels of nasal fractional exhaled nitric oxide. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps patients showed significant NOS2 messenger RNA upregulation with concomitant higher levels of oral and nasal fractional exhaled nitric oxide. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that fractional exhaled nitric oxide is a valid marker for differentiating chronic rhinosinusitis phenotypes based on a delicate balance between arginase and nitric oxide synthase activities in nitric oxide production.
Subject(s)
Arginase/metabolism , Nasal Polyps/diagnosis , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Rhinitis/metabolism , Sinusitis/metabolism , Adult , Arginase/genetics , Biomarkers/analysis , Breath Tests , Chronic Disease , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Nasal Mucosa/metabolism , Nasal Mucosa/pathology , Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism , Protein Isoforms/metabolism , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Rhinitis/genetics , Rhinitis/pathology , Sensitivity and Specificity , Sinusitis/genetics , Sinusitis/pathology , Statistics, NonparametricABSTRACT
A potential alternative of sewage sludge reuse is the substitute of raw material for Portland cement. This paper overviews Japanese implementation of this and discusses the best selection of pretreatment for this purpose. The pretreatment includes dewatering, incineration, and lime treatment.
