Trypan Blue - Adapting a Dye Used for Labelling Dead Cells to Visualize Pinocytosis in Viable Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Trypan blue is routinely used in cell culture experiments to distinguish between dead cells, which are labelled by trypan blue, and viable cells, which are apparently free of any staining. The assumption that trypan blue labelling is restricted to dead cells derives from the observation that rupture of the plasma membrane correlates with intense trypan blue staining. However, decades ago, trypan blue has been used to trace fluid uptake by viable macrophage-like cells in animals. These studies contributed to the concept of the reticuloendothelial system in vertebrates. Trypan blue itself does not show a fluorescence signal, but trypan blue-labelled proteins do. Therefore, intracellular localization of trypan blue-labelled proteins could give a clue to the entrance pathway of the dye in viable cells. METHODS: We used fluorescence microscopy to visualize trypan blue positive structures and to evaluate whether the bactericide, silver, enhances cellular trypan blue uptake in the brain macrophage-like cell line, BV-2. The pattern of chromatin condensation, visualized by DAPI staining, was used to identify the cell death pathway. RESULTS: We observed that silver nitrate at elevated concentrations (≥ 10 µM) induced in most cells a necrotic cell death pathway. Necrotic cells, identified by pycnotic nuclei, showed an intense and homogenous trypan blue staining. Apoptotic cells, characterized by crescent-like nuclear chromatin condensations, were not labelled by trypan blue. At lower silver nitrate concentrations, most cells were viable, but they showed trypan blue labelling. Viable cells showed a cell-type specific distribution of heterochromatin and revealed a perinuclear accumulation of bright trypan blue-labelled vesicles and, occasionally, a faint homogenous trypan blue labelling of the cytoplasm and nucleus. Amiloride, which prevents macropinocytosis by blocking the Na+ / H+ exchange, suppressed perinuclear accumulation of dye-labelled vesicles. Swelling of cells in a hypotonic solution induced an intense intracellular accumulation of trypan blue. Cells exposed to a hypotonic solution in the presence of 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB), which blocks volume-regulated ion channels, prevented labelling of the cytoplasm and nucleus but did not affect labelling of perinuclear vesicles. CONCLUSION: In viable cells trypan blue-labelled vesicles indicate trypan blue uptake by macropinocytosis and trypan blue-labelled cytosol could indicate a further entry pathway for the dye, like activated volume-regulated channels. Accordingly, fluorescence microscopic analysis of trypan blue-labelled cells allows not only a discrimination between necrotic and apoptotic cell death pathway but also a discrimination between the mode of trypan blue uptake in viable cells - via pinocytosis or via activated volume-regulated ion channels - in the same preparation at the single cell level.

In vitro evaluation of combination of EGCG and Erlotinib with classical chemotherapeutics on JAR cells.

Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN) is a term used for a group of malignant gynecological tumors including choriocarcinoma. Low-risk neoplasias can be cured using single agents Methotrexate (MTX) and actinomycin-D (ACD), but in certain cases, decreased responsiveness and serious side effects occur. Therefore, researchers have been attempting to find new treatment modalities. One of the most popular way for increasing cancer patient survival rates is supporting treatment with adjuvant molecules or chemosensitizers. For this purpose, we investigated epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea cathecin, and Erlotinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, as single agents and combined with MTX or ACD. In accordance with this, JAR (human placenta choriocarcinoma) cell line was used as an in vitro model and MTT, LDH, caspase-3 activation, RT-PCR, and Western Blot analyses were performed to investigate the effects of the test materials. Our studies demonstrate that combination of Erlotinib and EGCG with MTX and ACD decreases JAR cell proliferation and metastatic HER2 protein synthesis and increases caspase-3 activation compared to ACD or MTX alone. In addition, significant increase was observed in the apoptotic Bax gene, but no notable protein synthesis occurred in the Western Blot analysis, which suggests that combination of Erlotinib and EGCG with classical chemotherapeutics ACD or MTX may lead the JAR cells to apoptosis, but not by a mitochondrial pathway. All the results indicate that the synergetic effect of Erlotinib and EGCG with classical chemotherapeutics may help to increase patient survival rates of choriocarcinoma, but the detailed mechanism needs further investigation.