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1.
J Infect Chemother ; 26(7): 660-666, 2020 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32173283

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Appropriate antibiotic prescriptions for outpatients with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are urgently needed in Japan. However, the empirical proof of this need is under-documented. Therefore, we aimed to determine antibiotic prescription rates, and the proportions of antibiotic classes prescribed for Japanese patients with ARTIs. METHODS: We analysed health insurance claims data over 2013-2015 among Japanese patients aged <75 years and determined the following indicators: 1) visit rates for patients with ARTIs and antibiotic prescription rates per 1000 person-years, and 2) proportion of visits by antibiotic-prescribed patients with ARTIs. We defined broad-spectrum antibiotics using the WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification 4 level codes. RESULTS: Among 8.65 million visits due to ARTIs at 6859 hospitals and 62,024 physicians' offices, the visit rate and antibiotic prescription rate per 1000 person-years were 990.6 (99% confidence interval [CI], 989.4-991.7) and 532.4 (99% CI, 531.6-533.3), respectively. The visit rates for patients aged 0-17, 18-59, and 60-74 years were 2410.0 (99% CI, 2407.2-2412.9), 683.6 (99% CI, 682.7-684.6), and 682.1 (99% CI, 678.2-686.0), and antibiotic prescription rates were 1093.3 (99% CI, 1091.4-1095.2), 434.1 (99% CI, 433.4-434.9), and 353.4 (99% CI, 350.7-356.1), respectively. The overall proportion of antibiotic prescriptions for ARTI visits was 52.7% and 91.3% of the antibiotics prescribed were broad-spectrum. CONCLUSIONS: Both the visit rates and antibiotic prescription rates for ARTIs were high in this Japanese cohort. The proportion of antibiotic prescriptions exceeded that recommended in the clinical guidelines. Thus, there might be a scope for reducing the current antibiotic prescription rate in Japan.


Subject(s)
Ambulatory Care/statistics & numerical data , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Prescriptions/statistics & numerical data , Inappropriate Prescribing/statistics & numerical data , Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy , Acute Disease/epidemiology , Acute Disease/therapy , Administrative Claims, Healthcare/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Ambulatory Care/standards , Child , Child, Preschool , Drug Prescriptions/standards , Female , Humans , Inappropriate Prescribing/prevention & control , Infant , Japan/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology , Retrospective Studies , Young Adult
2.
J Infect Chemother ; 25(4): 267-272, 2019 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30642770

ABSTRACT

The application and clinical impact of rapid antigen detection test (RADT) in the treatment of acute pharyngitis is unknown in Japan. We aimed to examine the proportions of RADT usage to identify Group A ß-hemolytic Streptococcus (GAS) in outpatients with acute pharyngitis and evaluate the association between RADT and antibiotic treatment. We analyzed health insurance claims data from 2013 to 2015. Logistic regression models were used to analyze associated factors with RADT, overall antibiotic prescription, or penicillin use. We analyzed 1.27 million outpatient visits with acute pharyngitis, in which antibiotics were prescribed in 59.3% of visits. Of the total visits, 5.6% of patients received RADT, and 10.8% of the antibiotics were penicillin. Penicillin selection rates were higher in cases with RADT (25.4%) than those without RADT (9.7%). Compared to large-scale facilities, antibiotic prescription rates were higher in physicians' offices. For factor analysis, age (3-15 years), diagnosis code (streptococcal pharyngitis), size of the medical facility (large-scale hospitals), and physician's specialty (pediatrics) were associated with RADT use. Penicillin selection rate increased with RADT implementation (25.4% vs. 9.7%: adjusted odds ratio 1.55; 95% CI, 1.50-1.60). At 63% of the facilities, the RADT implementation rate was <5% of acute pharyngitis visits prescribed antibiotics. In conclusion, the proportion of RADT usage for outpatients with acute pharyngitis was low in Japan. With appropriate indication and evaluation, we expect that more utilization of RADT can help promote antimicrobial stewardship for outpatients with acute pharyngitis by prompting penicillin therapy. Further investigation with detailed clinical data are warranted.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Antigens, Bacterial/isolation & purification , Immunologic Tests/statistics & numerical data , Pharyngitis/drug therapy , Streptococcal Infections/drug therapy , Acute Disease/therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Antimicrobial Stewardship/standards , Antimicrobial Stewardship/statistics & numerical data , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Immunologic Tests/instrumentation , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Japan , Middle Aged , Penicillins/pharmacology , Penicillins/therapeutic use , Pharyngitis/immunology , Pharyngitis/microbiology , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Reagent Kits, Diagnostic/statistics & numerical data , Retrospective Studies , Streptococcal Infections/immunology , Streptococcal Infections/microbiology , Streptococcus pyogenes/immunology , Streptococcus pyogenes/isolation & purification , Young Adult
3.
Fam Pract ; 36(4): 402-409, 2019 07 31.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30272148

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: In this age of antimicrobial resistance, unnecessary use of antibiotics to treat non-bacterial acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) and inappropriate use of antibiotics in treating bacterial ARTIs are public health concerns. PURPOSE: Our aim is to identify the pattern of oral antibiotic prescriptions for outpatients with ARTIs in Japan. METHODS: We analysed health insurance claims data of patients (aged ≤74 years) from 2013 to 2015, to determine the pattern of antibiotic prescriptions for outpatient ARTIs and calculated the proportion of each antibiotic. RESULTS: Data on 4.6 million antibiotic prescriptions among 1559394 outpatients with ARTIs were analysed. The most commonly prescribed classes of antibiotics included cephalosporins (41.9%), macrolides (32.8%) and fluoroquinolones (14.7%). The proportion of first-, second- and third-generation cephalosporins was 1.0%, 1.7% and 97.3%, respectively. Fluoroquinolones accounted for a quarter of the prescriptions for ARTIs in patients aged >20 years. In contrast, penicillins accounted for just 8.0% of the total number of antibiotic prescriptions for ARTIs. CONCLUSIONS: According to clinical guidelines, penicillins are first-line antibiotics against ARTIs. However, third-generation cephalosporins, macrolides and fluoroquinolones are more frequently prescribed in Japan. Although we could not assess the extent to which appropriate antibiotics are selected, our results support the necessity of improving antibiotic choices in the treatment of ARTIs.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Fluoroquinolones/therapeutic use , Inappropriate Prescribing , Practice Patterns, Physicians'/statistics & numerical data , Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Japan/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Outpatients , Retrospective Studies , Young Adult
4.
Infect Drug Resist ; 8: 353-7, 2015.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26527890

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia shows wide-spectrum resistance to antimicrobials and causes various infections in immunocompromised or critically ill patients with high mortality. In this era of antibiotics resistance, a revival of old antibiotics is now featured. We examined the clinical usefulness of latamoxef (LMOX) for the treatment of S. maltophilia infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The observational study was retrospectively performed at Okayama University Hospital (Okayama, Japan) from January 2011 to December 2013. LMOX was administered to 12 patients with S. maltophilia infection, with eleven of those patients being admitted to the intensive care unit. RESULTS: Underlying conditions of the patients included postoperation, hematological transplantation, hepatic transplantation, and burn. Major infectious foci were surgical site infection (six cases), respiratory infection (four cases), blood stream infection (three cases), and burn site infection (one case). The doses of LMOX administered ranged from 1 g/d to 3 g/d for ten adult patients and from 40 mg/kg/d to 80 mg/kg/d for two pediatric patients. Microbiologic failure was seen in five (41.7%) of 12 cases, and 30-day and hospital mortality rates were 25% and 50%, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of LMOX were higher in the deceased group (4-64 µg/mL) than in the surviving group (1-4 µg/mL). CONCLUSION: LMOX treatment is not recommended for the treatment of S. maltophilia infection. Further investigation would be needed before its clinical use.

5.
J Appl Toxicol ; 34(2): 117-26, 2014 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23296914

ABSTRACT

Fetal exposure to dioxins and related compounds is known to disrupt normal development of the midbrain dopaminergic system, which regulates behavior, cognition and emotion. The toxicity of these chemicals is mediated mainly by aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling. Previously, we identified a novel binding motif of AhR, the AhR-responsive element III (AHRE-III), in vitro. This motif is located upstream from the gene encoding tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme of dopamine biosynthesis. To provide in vivo evidence, we investigated whether 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) could regulate AHRE-III transcriptional activity in midbrain dopaminergic neurons. We produced transgenic mice with inserted constructs of the AHRE-III enhancers, TH gene promoter and the c-myc-tagged luciferase gene. Single oral administrations of TCDD (0-2000 ng kg⁻¹ body weight) to the transgenic dams markedly enhanced TH-immunoreactive (ir) intensity in the A9, A10 and A8 areas of their offspring at 3 days and 8 weeks of age. The offspring of dams treated with 200 ng kg⁻¹ TCDD exhibited significant increases in the numbers of TH- and double (TH and c-myc)-ir neurons in area A9 compared with controls at 8 weeks. These results show that fetal exposure to TCDD upregulates TH expression and increases TH-ir neurons in the midbrain. Moreover, the results suggest that TCDD directly transactivates the TH promoter via the AhR-AHRE-III-mediated pathway in area A9. Fetal exposure to TCDD caused stable upregulation of TH via the AhR-AHRE-III signaling pathway and overgrowth of TH-ir neurons in the midbrain, implying possible involvement in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).


Subject(s)
Dopaminergic Neurons/drug effects , Fetus/drug effects , Mesencephalon/drug effects , Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/toxicity , Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism , Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism , Animals , Dopaminergic Neurons/metabolism , Female , Fetus/metabolism , Mesencephalon/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Inbred ICR , Mice, Transgenic , Organ Size , Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/administration & dosage , Pregnancy , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics , Signal Transduction , Transcriptional Activation , Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/genetics
6.
Reprod Toxicol ; 29(1): 68-73, 2010 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19808090

ABSTRACT

Recent animal experiments confirmed that paternal 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure decreases the sex ratio of offspring at birth without altering litter size. However, the timing of this decrease remained unclear. Male mice were administered TCDD at 7-12 weeks of age and mated with non-treated females. The Y-bearing/X-bearing sperm ratio was examined by real-time PCR and FISH methods, and the sex ratio of the 2-cell embryos collected from non-treated females that had been mated with TCDD-exposed males were investigated by nested PCR. The Y-bearing/X-bearing sperm ratio was not significantly decreased in the TCDD group. However, the sex ratio of the 2-cell embryos of the TCDD group was significantly lower than that of the control group. These results may have resulted from a decrease in fertility of Y-bearing sperm. Thus, the results of this study suggested that the sex ratio of the offspring was decreased at fertilization and not during the spermatozoa stage.


Subject(s)
Paternal Exposure/adverse effects , Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/administration & dosage , Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/toxicity , Sex Ratio , Animals , Epididymis/cytology , Female , Fertility , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred ICR , Pregnancy , Sperm Count/veterinary , Sperm Motility/drug effects , Spermatozoa/chemistry , Spermatozoa/cytology , Spermatozoa/drug effects , Spermatozoa/physiology
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