Development of a Family Support Scale for Diet Therapy for Male Workers with type 2 diabetes.

AIM: Dietary self-care for patients with type 2 diabetes can be improved with family support. The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to assess family support for diet therapy for male workers with type 2 diabetes and to examine its reliability and validity. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we collected data from 110 Japanese male workers with type 2 diabetes. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, reliability testing, and validity testing. RESULTS: The resultant Family Support Scale for Diet Therapy for Male Workers (FSS-DMW) with type 2 diabetes consisted of 31 items and a six-factor structure. The six factors explained 72.9% of the variance, and Cronbach's alpha for the total scale was .964. The scale correlated as expected with the Social Support Scale for Chronic Illness and the dietary subscale of the Japanese version of the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Measure. CONCLUSION: The FSS-DMW is a reliable and valid measure which can be used to assess family support for diet therapy for male workers with type 2 diabetes and has the potential to be used as a clinical instrument for family guidance.

Validation of the relationship consciousness of Japanese Patients with type 2 diabetes scale.

OBJECTIVES: The management of type 2 diabetes mellitus can be improved for individuals by developing relationships with other patients with diabetes. We created the Relationship Consciousness of Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus scale to measure the relationship consciousness of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients for other patients based on the Health Belief Model. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 289). Data were analyzed via exploratory factor analyses, reliability tests, concurrent validity. RESULTS: The final scale obtained for the Relationship Consciousness of Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus scale comprised a six-factor structure with 36 items. All 36 items had a Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.893 and explained 59.38% of the total variance. The scale was significantly correlated with a related reciprocity consciousness scale. CONCLUSIONS: The Relationship Consciousness of Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus scale may be an important tool for nurses to assess the relationship consciousness of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, by understanding patients' relationship consciousness for others who share their disease, nurses can begin to recommend ways to establish relationships between patients that suit patients' particular relationship. consciousness levels and to provide better care in their clinical practice.

The Concept of Sleep Ability and its Effect on Diabetes Control in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes.

OBJECTIVES: Few published studies have examined the effects of various components of sleep on the control of type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to construct a concept of sleep ability and examine its effect on diabetes control in adults with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Participants were 37 outpatients, 41 to 73 years of age, who had type 2 diabetes. Participants monitored their sleep for 14 days using a sleep meter, and they completed questionnaires concerning quality of life (Problem Areas in Diabetes), self-care (Self-Care Agency Questionnaire) and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index). Data on glycated hemoglobin levels and body mass index were also collected. Canonical correlation analysis and exploratory selection were used to investigate the relationships between the variables involved in diabetes control and sleep ability. RESULTS: Using canonical correlation analysis and exploratory selection, sleep ability was found to be composed of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score, objective total sleep time, wake after sleep onset, bedtime standard deviation, wake-up time standard deviation and the absolute value of the difference between subjective and objective sleep efficiency. A significant correlation was found between components of diabetes control (glycated hemoglobin levels, body mass index, quality-of-life evaluation from Problem Areas in Diabetes and self-care evaluation from the Self-Care Agency Questionnaire) and sleep ability (canonical correlation coefficient [RC] =0.755, p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: The significant elements of sleep ability represented the quality, quantity, maintenance, regularity and recognition of sleep, and each element made a large contribution to diabetes control. We conclude, therefore, that improving sleep ability may lead to good diabetes control.